Chapter 3 research

_____________ _______________ - a method of efficiently or methodically generating knowledge by recognizing a problem capable of objective study, collecting data by observation or experimentation, and drawing conclusions based on analysis of the data

scientific method

___________ ____________ is for the purpose of making predictions

scientific method

____________ research is gaining information on a topic to expand the knowledge base; known as the "big picture"

Basic

_______________ research uses existing knowledge (often from basic research) to develop solutions to problems

applied

applied research seeks to solve a __________ problem; and is detail oriented

specific

_______________ variables involve description of categories; words

qualitative

______________ variables involve numerical data/categories; numbers

quantitative

Quantitative data can be separated into two categories: _____________ data represents items you can count (# of subjects or treatment sessions) while _____________ data represents items you can measure (test scores, height/weight)

discrete; continuous

_______________ variable acts as the input, the cause/treatment that causes a change

independent

______________ variable (aka outcome variable) measured effect or outcome that changes in response

dependent

The type of fluency treatment provided is the ______________ variable while the change you see in severity of disfluency is the ______________ variable.

independent; dependent

Why is it important to control your variables as strictly as possible?

so you know if the independent variable actually caused the change in the dependent variable

What are some ways researchers control variables?

through control groups with random assignment, blindness of participants, and standardized methods (same procedures for everyone)

an _______________ variable (anything but the independent variable) is a factor that is not directly related to the purpose of the study, but may affect the dependent variable.

extraneous

an _________________ variable is an extraneous variable that causes an unforeseen effect/relationship between the cause and outcome

confounding

What are the steps in formulating a research question?

brainstorm, focus topic, raise questions formulate a question

In stage 3 of formulating a research question, "raise questions", what are the four p's you should consider?

people (who does it impact), problems (what problems exist), programs (what programs exist/are they effective), and phenomenon (what irregularities exist)

What is PICO used for?

used to help formulate a focused research question

What does P in PICO stand for?

population - what are the participants

What does I in PICO stand for?

intervention/indication - what are you looking at using

What does C in PICO stand for?

comparison/control - what you compare intervention to (diff. treatment, diff. amount of treatment, or no treatment)

What does O in PICO stand for?

outcome - what is the hypothesized outcome/do you expect to happen

_______________ is an educated guess regarding how a question might be answered, used to test a theory

hypothesis

__________ ____________ states there will be no statistically significant difference

null hypothesis

a _____________ __________ is determining whether there is a difference between groups/variables

working hypothesis

a ___________ __________ predicts which direction the difference will go; a reduction or increase in what we are studying

directional hypothesis

A ____________ hypothesis has one independent variable and one dependent variable

simple

a _______________ hypothesis has more than one independent and dependent variable

complex

T or F: no answer is final, research = evidence, not absolute proof

true

What are some factors to consider before moving forward with your project (determining how feasible it is)?

risks/benefits, how long it will take, will the IRB approve, equipment/supplies needed, etc.