Studied by 7 people
Household unit
The group of people living together in the same residence and sharing living space
Nuclear family
Made up of an adult man and an adult woman, who are married or in a relationship, and living together with dependent children
Extended family
A nuclear family living with other relatives such as grand parents or great grandparents or aunts,uncles and cousins
Kinship
When the ties between people are related by descent (common ancestors) by marriage and by adoption
One-parent or single parent family
One parent and their dependent children living together
Divorce
The formal, legal ending of a marriage
Reconstituted family
After death of one partner or divorce a new family is created by someone remarrying
Civil partnership
Formally registered relationship between two people usually of the same sex giving them similar rights to married couples
Family diversity
The increase in the number of different types of families
Matrifocal family
The mother as the head of the family and the father has a less important role in the family and bringing up children
Matriarchy
Mother head of household, with authority over the men and children
Arranged marriage
Marriage partners are chosen by older family members rather than people choosing their own partners
Cereal packet family
The stereotypical nuclear family with mother, father and children with traditional gender roles that is often shown in advertisement
Family functions
What roles the family plays and for whom, according to functionalist theory
Patriarchy
Term used by feminists to describe societies and organisations (including the family) in which men are dominant and women are subordinate
Commune
A group that chooses to live together and share at least some of their property
One-person household
When only one person lives in a residence
Monogamy
Being married to one person at a time
Serial monogamy
More than one marriage partner during their life but only one at any given time
Polygamy
Being married to more than one person at the same time
Polyandry
When a woman has more than one husband at the same time
Polygyny
When a man has more than one wife at the same time
Cohabitation
Two people who are not married to each other living together in an intimate relationship
Marriage
The formal joining of a man and a woman in a relationship with rights and responsibilities
Marital breakdown
When a marriage has been broken down so that the couple are no longer living as husband and wife
Empty shell marriage
A married couple continue to live together but without love or affection
Secularisation
The process by which religion has become less important in the daily lives of many people in the modern industrial societies
Family roles
Parts played by different members of the family
Conjugal roles
Roles taken by husband and wife resulting in the domestic division of labour
Joint conjugal roles
Husband and wife carry out many tasks and activities together so that there is no clear separation of roles; the opposite of segregated roles
Traditional conjugal roles
Segregated roles assumed to be normal in the traditional nuclear family
Symmetrical family
A family in which the conjugal roles have become more equal
Dual worker families
Both men and women do paid work
Gender equality
When men and women have equal roles, status and rights
Child-centredness
When the child's needs and wishes are the most important considerations
Empty-nest family
Parents living at home together after their adult children have moved out
Boomerang family
Where adult children have left home but then returned
Domestic division of labour
The way in which tasks in the home (such as cooking, cleaning, childcare and repairs) are divided between men and women
Dual burden
Women who do paid work as well as look after the home and family
Triple burden/ Triple shift
Work, home and expressive role of looking after the emotional needs of family members
Dark side of family
The negative aspects of family life such as arguments, abuse, neglect and violence
Dysfunctional family
A family that fails to carry out functions expected from it (eg. where children are neglected)
Domestic violence
Violence within the family, usually but not always by males against females; refers not only to physical violence but also to patterns of controlling behaviour that may include emotional manipulation
Modern industrial societies
Created by industrialisation; societies that today have industrial economies and high urban population
Industrialisation
The process in history in which societies changed from being mainly rural and based on agriculture to being urban and with more people working in industries
Urbanisation
The growth of cities, so that a higher proportion of the population live in cities
Demographic trends
Patterns in the changes of demographic measures such as the birth rate or death rate
Fertility rate
The number of live births per 1000 women of child-bearing age in the population
Beanpole family
A family with only one child or very few children; combined with rising life expectancy this leads to family trees that look very tall and thin with few people in each generation (rather than bushy with lots of siblings,aunts, uncles and cousins)
Peer group
A group that individuals identify with because they share characteristics such as age or status
formal education
education that occurs within academic institutions such as schools
informal education
learning that occurs in a spontaneous, unplanned way
hidden curriculum
the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms
Socialisation process
how cultural values and norms are passed down to children
secondary socialization
process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society
social expectations
The larger society's expectations about job challenge, working conditions, and quality of work life.
social control
the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society
reward
to give a person something he or she has earned
functions of education
The ways in which education contributes to society
social mobility
Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another
equality of opportunity
giving people an equal chance to succeed
Meritocracy
a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement
Post-compulsory education
Education after the school-leaving age, where individuals choose to stay in education when they could have left
state school/public school
a school that is free to go to because the government provides the money for it, they are directly or indirectly run by the government.
faith school
a school that is financially supported by a particular religious group, usually for children from that religion
Selective education
Pupils are selected (and others excluded) usually on the basis of their academic ability
Comprehensive education system
Non-selective secondary schools accepting all the children of that age in an area.
life chances
the opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences
cultural capital
the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society, including an advantage in the education system.
Anti-school Sub-culture
The norms and values of a group of pupils that reject the school's values.
Comprehensive System
Non-selective secondary schools accepting all the children of that age in an area.
Cultural Deprivation
Aspects of the values and attitudes from the home and family background of some children that prevent them from achieving in education.
Culture of Masculinity
Norms and values that involve supposedly masculine characteristics, for example preferring sports to reading.
Deferred Gratification
Having long-term aims and being willing to postpone rewards.
Discrimination
When one group is treated unfairly.
Educational Achievement
How well individuals do in the school system, usually measured by exam results.
Educational Inequality
(based on class, gender and ethnicity) When different groups are treated differently or have different levels of educational achievement.
Elaborated Code
A form of language used in careful explanation and detail, and in formal contexts such as in examinations.
Equality of Opportunity
When everyone has the same chance of succeeding.
Ethnocentrism
Seeing other cultures from the point of view of your own, so that the other culture is devalued.
Formal Education
Takes place in classrooms, where there is a syllabus and set content to be taught and learnt.
Functions of Education
The ways in which education contributes to society.
Hidden Curriculum
Attitudes and behavior that are taught through the way the school is run and how teachers act, rather than through the taught content of a lesson.
Home Factors
Factors in the home background of children that arrest how they do in school.
Immediate Gratification
Having short-term aims and wanting rewards straight away.
Informal Education
Takes place outside classrooms at home or work or through daily interactions.
Intelligence
How clever someone is; a very difficult idea to measure.
IQ Tests
Intelligence quotient tests involve answering questions that are then used to work out a score which supposedly indicates how intelligent the person is.
Labelling
Defining a person or group in a particular way so that certain behavior is expected from them.
Material Deprivation
Problems in the standard of living in the home background of some children that prevent them from achieving in education.
Meritocracy
A system in which individuals reach the social positions they deserve, based on their educational achievement, talent and skills.
Official Curriculum
The subjects and lessons and their content.
Positive Discrimination
Giving disadvantaged groups better treatment than others in an attempt to make up for their disadvantage.
Private School
A school that is not run or controlled by the government.
Restricted Code
A form of language used with close friends and families, where there are shared meanings; compared to the elaborated code it is informal.
Rewards
Any way in which children are praised or receive something positive for something they have done.
Sanctions
Any way in which children are reprimanded or receive something negative for something they have done. Or a penalty imposed for not conforming to norms and values.
School Factors
Factors at school that affect children's educational achievement.
Secondary Socialization
Socialization after the period of primary socialization, that is, after the basic norms and values have been learnt.
Selective Education
Pupils are selected (and others excluded), usually on the basis of their academic ability.
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