Paper 2; Unit 4 to 7

For cambridge igcse sociology

Household unit

The group of people living together in the same residence and sharing living space

Nuclear family

Made up of an adult man and an adult woman, who are married or in a relationship, and living together with dependent children

Extended family

A nuclear family living with other relatives such as grand parents or great grandparents or aunts,uncles and cousins

Kinship

When the ties between people are related by descent (common ancestors) by marriage and by adoption

One-parent or single parent family

One parent and their dependent children living together

Divorce

The formal, legal ending of a marriage

Reconstituted family

After death of one partner or divorce a new family is created by someone remarrying

Civil partnership

Formally registered relationship between two people usually of the same sex giving them similar rights to married couples

Family diversity

The increase in the number of different types of families

Matrifocal family

The mother as the head of the family and the father has a less important role in the family and bringing up children

Matriarchy

Mother head of household, with authority over the men and children

Arranged marriage

Marriage partners are chosen by older family members rather than people choosing their own partners

Cereal packet family

The stereotypical nuclear family with mother, father and children with traditional gender roles that is often shown in advertisement

Family functions

What roles the family plays and for whom, according to functionalist theory

Patriarchy

Term used by feminists to describe societies and organisations (including the family) in which men are dominant and women are subordinate

Commune

A group that chooses to live together and share at least some of their property

One-person household

When only one person lives in a residence

Monogamy

Being married to one person at a time

Serial monogamy

More than one marriage partner during their life but only one at any given time

Polygamy

Being married to more than one person at the same time

Polyandry

When a woman has more than one husband at the same time

Polygyny

When a man has more than one wife at the same time

Cohabitation

Two people who are not married to each other living together in an intimate relationship

Marriage

The formal joining of a man and a woman in a relationship with rights and responsibilities

Marital breakdown

When a marriage has been broken down so that the couple are no longer living as husband and wife

Empty shell marriage

A married couple continue to live together but without love or affection

Secularisation

The process by which religion has become less important in the daily lives of many people in the modern industrial societies

Family roles

Parts played by different members of the family

Conjugal roles

Roles taken by husband and wife resulting in the domestic division of labour

Joint conjugal roles

Husband and wife carry out many tasks and activities together so that there is no clear separation of roles; the opposite of segregated roles

Traditional conjugal roles

Segregated roles assumed to be normal in the traditional nuclear family

Symmetrical family

A family in which the conjugal roles have become more equal

Dual worker families

Both men and women do paid work

Gender equality

When men and women have equal roles, status and rights

Child-centredness

When the child's needs and wishes are the most important considerations

Empty-nest family

Parents living at home together after their adult children have moved out

Boomerang family

Where adult children have left home but then returned

Domestic division of labour

The way in which tasks in the home (such as cooking, cleaning, childcare and repairs) are divided between men and women

Dual burden

Women who do paid work as well as look after the home and family

Triple burden/ Triple shift

Work, home and expressive role of looking after the emotional needs of family members

Dark side of family

The negative aspects of family life such as arguments, abuse, neglect and violence

Dysfunctional family

A family that fails to carry out functions expected from it (eg. where children are neglected)

Domestic violence

Violence within the family, usually but not always by males against females; refers not only to physical violence but also to patterns of controlling behaviour that may include emotional manipulation

Modern industrial societies

Created by industrialisation; societies that today have industrial economies and high urban population

Industrialisation

The process in history in which societies changed from being mainly rural and based on agriculture to being urban and with more people working in industries

Urbanisation

The growth of cities, so that a higher proportion of the population live in cities

Demographic trends

Patterns in the changes of demographic measures such as the birth rate or death rate

Fertility rate

The number of live births per 1000 women of child-bearing age in the population

Beanpole family

A family with only one child or very few children; combined with rising life expectancy this leads to family trees that look very tall and thin with few people in each generation (rather than bushy with lots of siblings,aunts, uncles and cousins)

Peer group

A group that individuals identify with because they share characteristics such as age or status

formal education

education that occurs within academic institutions such as schools

informal education

learning that occurs in a spontaneous, unplanned way

hidden curriculum

the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms

Socialisation process

how cultural values and norms are passed down to children

secondary socialization

process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society

social expectations

The larger society's expectations about job challenge, working conditions, and quality of work life.

social control

the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society

reward

to give a person something he or she has earned

functions of education

The ways in which education contributes to society

social mobility

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another

equality of opportunity

giving people an equal chance to succeed

Meritocracy

a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement

Post-compulsory education

Education after the school-leaving age, where individuals choose to stay in education when they could have left

state school/public school

a school that is free to go to because the government provides the money for it, they are directly or indirectly run by the government.

faith school

a school that is financially supported by a particular religious group, usually for children from that religion

Selective education

Pupils are selected (and others excluded) usually on the basis of their academic ability

Comprehensive education system

Non-selective secondary schools accepting all the children of that age in an area.

life chances

the opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences

cultural capital

the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society, including an advantage in the education system.

Anti-school Sub-culture

The norms and values of a group of pupils that reject the school's values.

Comprehensive System

Non-selective secondary schools accepting all the children of that age in an area.

Cultural Deprivation

Aspects of the values and attitudes from the home and family background of some children that prevent them from achieving in education.

Culture of Masculinity

Norms and values that involve supposedly masculine characteristics, for example preferring sports to reading.

Deferred Gratification

Having long-term aims and being willing to postpone rewards.

Discrimination

When one group is treated unfairly.

Educational Achievement

How well individuals do in the school system, usually measured by exam results.

Educational Inequality

(based on class, gender and ethnicity) When different groups are treated differently or have different levels of educational achievement.

Elaborated Code

A form of language used in careful explanation and detail, and in formal contexts such as in examinations.

Equality of Opportunity

When everyone has the same chance of succeeding.

Ethnocentrism

Seeing other cultures from the point of view of your own, so that the other culture is devalued.

Formal Education

Takes place in classrooms, where there is a syllabus and set content to be taught and learnt.

Functions of Education

The ways in which education contributes to society.

Hidden Curriculum

Attitudes and behavior that are taught through the way the school is run and how teachers act, rather than through the taught content of a lesson.

Home Factors

Factors in the home background of children that arrest how they do in school.

Immediate Gratification

Having short-term aims and wanting rewards straight away.

Informal Education

Takes place outside classrooms at home or work or through daily interactions.

Intelligence

How clever someone is; a very difficult idea to measure.

IQ Tests

Intelligence quotient tests involve answering questions that are then used to work out a score which supposedly indicates how intelligent the person is.

Labelling

Defining a person or group in a particular way so that certain behavior is expected from them.

Material Deprivation

Problems in the standard of living in the home background of some children that prevent them from achieving in education.

Meritocracy

A system in which individuals reach the social positions they deserve, based on their educational achievement, talent and skills.

Official Curriculum

The subjects and lessons and their content.

Positive Discrimination

Giving disadvantaged groups better treatment than others in an attempt to make up for their disadvantage.

Private School

A school that is not run or controlled by the government.

Restricted Code

A form of language used with close friends and families, where there are shared meanings; compared to the elaborated code it is informal.

Rewards

Any way in which children are praised or receive something positive for something they have done.

Sanctions

Any way in which children are reprimanded or receive something negative for something they have done. Or a penalty imposed for not conforming to norms and values.

School Factors

Factors at school that affect children's educational achievement.

Secondary Socialization

Socialization after the period of primary socialization, that is, after the basic norms and values have been learnt.

Selective Education

Pupils are selected (and others excluded), usually on the basis of their academic ability.