diagnostic imaging techniques

the production and interpretation of images for medical diagnosis purposes

define diagnostic imaging

non invasive

is diagnostic imaging an invasive or noninvasive method to achieve a diagnosis?

determine the cause of the injury/illness and guide the diagnosis along with other tests and follow up

what is the goal of diagnostic imaging?

radiology (xray)

computed tomography (CT)

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

ultrasonography

nuclear medicine

what are the different types of imaging?

radiopaque

in radiology, an image that appears white is called...

the image appears black because there is a very low amount of matter

in radiology, what does radiolucent mean?

2 or more images at different angles

we need to perform this in radiology because it is a 2D image, so to accurately view the subject, we must have 2 or more images

what does "orthogonal views" mean?

radiopaque; radiolucent

in radiology, a structure that appears white is called ________, while a structure that appears black is called __________

black

a radiolucent structure appears what color?

dorsoventral

this view is called...

ventrodorsal

this view is called:

ventrodorsal

what is the name for this view?

right lateral

this view is called.....

left lateral

if the animal is laying on its left side, the radiology view is called?

by the side that is resting on the table

lateral radiographs are named how?

cranial/rostral on the left

caudal on the right

how do we place lateral xrays on the screen?

cranial/rostral; caudal

lateral xrays should always be placed on the screen with _____ on the left and _____ on the right

left side of the animal; cranial/rostal

ventrodorsal/dorsoventral xrays should always be placed on the screen with _____ on the right and _____ up.

cranial/rostral part up

left side of the animal on the right

how do we place VD/DV xrays on the screen?

-increased mutation rate

-increased rate of miscarriage or fetal anomalies

-increased susceptibility to disease

-increased risk of cancer

-increased risk of cataracts

what are the different biological effects of xrays on the patient and operator?

radiography

because xrays have lots of biological effects (increased risk of disease and cancer, mutation rate, cataracts, miscarriage, etc)

for which type of imaging must the operator wear this? why?

a type of contrast radiography used to visualize the GI tract. we mix contrast with the patient's food so that when they eat it, it goes through their GI tract and in a radiograph, we can see it very well

what is a Barrium GI tract study?

Barrium GI tract study

what contrast method is used in this radiograph?

excretory urogram

what contrast method is used in this radiograph?

a type of contrast radiograph used to visualize the urinary system- where we put contrast in the patient's IV, so that it goes with the blood to the kidneys and out through the ureters to the rest of the urinary tract

what is an excretory urogram?

retrograde urogram

what contrast method is used in this radiograph?

a type of contrast radiograph used to visualize the lower urinary system- we put contrast in the urinary catheter so it goes directly to the bladder and urethra

what is a retrograde urogram?

myelography

what type of radiograph is used to visualize the spinal cord?

a type of contrast radiograph used to visualize the spinal cord- we inject contrast into the spinal cord

what is myelography?

myelography

what type of radiograph method was used here?

a radiograph contrast method used to visualize the arteries- we inject contrast into the arteries

what is arteriography?

an xray video (dynamic image).

what is fluoroscopy?

fluoroscopy

what is an xray video called?

yes, it is an xray video, so has the same biological effects as an xray

is a fluoroscopy dangerous?

a type of diagnostic imaging where the Xray tube rotates around the patient, generating multiple transverse images of the patient as it rotates.

what is a computed tomography (CT)?

a sequence of 2D images, creating a 3D image- produced in CT

what are "tomographic images"?

bones and lungs

CT is most useful to visualize what structures?

CT

which is more useful to visualize the lungs- radiographs or CT scans?

hyperdense/hyperattenuated

in computed tomography- a white structure is called....

black

in computed tomography- a hypodense/hypoattenuated structure appears in what color?

hyperdense/hyperattenuated;

hypodense/hypoattenuated

in computed tomography- a structure appearing white is called ____________, while a structure appearing black is called ______________

computed tomography (CT)

what diagnostic imaging technique was used to create these images?

advantages: creates images without overlapping or reconstructions needed

disadvantages: needs sedation/anesthesia, expensive

what are the advantages and disadvantages of using computed tomography (CT) to produce images?

computed tomography (CT)

what diagnostic imaging technique was used to create this image?

computed tomography (CT)

what diagnostic imaging technique was used to create these images?

computed tomography (CT)

what diagnostic imaging technique was used to create this image?

radiography (xray)

what diagnostic imaging technique was used to create this image?

computed tomography (CT)

which is more expensive- radiography or computed tomography?

a type of imaging that uses a high power magnetic field that interacts with the body's hydrogen atoms to produce detailed images of internal body structures

what is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

MRI

which type of imaging uses magnetic resonance to produce detailed images of the body's internal structures?

soft tissues, brain, spinal cord

what structures is MRI most useful for?

MRI

what type of imaging is best for visualizing the brain?

MRI

what diagnostic imaging technique was used to create this image?

CT- it uses xrays.

MRI has NO biological effects

which is more dangerous for the body- CT or MRI?

NONE

what biological effects does MRI have?

-cannot be used in animals with any metal inside of them- even a microchip needs to be removed first

-requires 100% immobility of the patient (anesthesia)

-expensive

-takes a long time to receive the images

what are the disadvantages of using an MRI?

MRI

which type of imaging can we NOT use for an animal with any metal inside of them (even a microchip)?

yes, 100%

must we anesthetize the patient for an MRI?

sometimes, but usually just sedation is good

must we anesthetize the patient for a CT?

sometimes, but usually just sedation is good

must we anesthetize the patient for a radiograph?

hyperintense

for an MRI, a structure that appears white is called...

grey

in MRI, an isointense structure appears in what color?

hypointense

in an MRI, a black structure is called....

MRI

what is this type of imaging called?

a type of diagnostic imaging that uses ultrasound waves to pass through different structures. these waves are reflected back to the probe depending on the tissue density, and the probe collects the echoes and transmits them into an image.

what is ultrasonography?

soft tissues

movement

what is ultrasound useful to visualize?

ultrasonography

what imaging technique is being used?

ultrasonography

fluoroscopy

which type of imaging is a dynamic study?

no. but sometimes requires sedation

does ultrasonography require anesthesia?

none- it is safe

what are the biological effects of ultrasounds on the patient/operator?

ultrasonography

these images were produced with what type of imaging?

ultrasonography

this terminology is used for what type of imaging technique?

anechoic

in an ultrasound, a structure that appears black is called...

isoechoic

in an ultrasound, a structure that appears light grey is called...

dark grey

in an ultrasound, a structure that is hypoechoic appears in what color...

hyperechoic

in an ultrasound, a structure that appears white is called...

ultrasonography

radiography is complementary with what other imaging technique? (frequently performed together)

radiography

ultrasounds are frequently performed with what other imaging technique?

-abdominal ultrasounds

-pregnancy diagnosis

-echocardiography

-noncardiac chest ultrasounds

-ocular ultrasounds

-superficial tissues (neck, mammary glands, subcutaneous tissue)

-musculoskeletal ultrasounds

-fine needle aspirations/biopsies

what are the frequent uses of ultrasonography?

ultrasonography

what imaging technique is commonly used for pregnancy diagnosis?

ultrasonography

what imaging technique is commonly used to guide the vet for a fine needle aspiration or biopsy?

administering small amounts of radioactive materials, known as radioisotopes or radiotracers, via injection into the bloodstream, swallowing, or inhalation. They accumulate in specific organs or tissues in the body. The radiation emitted by these materials is detected by a gamma camera. it is used for detecting the functionality of specific tissues/organs

what is nuclear medicine?

nuclear medicine+ gammagraphy

what type of imaging is used to detect the functionality of different tissues/organs?

nuclear medicine+ gammagraphy

what type of imaging was used to produce these images?

CT

MRI- most useful

which 2 imaging techniques are useful for visualizing the brain?

radiology (with contrast)

CT

MRI- best

which imaging techniques could we choose if we wanted to see the spinal cord?

radiology

CT- most useful

MRI

if we want to assess bone structures, what imaging techniques are the best?

radiology

ultrasound

CT- most useful

MRI

if we want to assess the respiratory tract, what imaging techniques are the best?

radiology

ultrasounds- most useful

CT

MRI

which imaging techniques could we choose if we wanted to see the heart/vessels?

radiology

ultrasounds

CT

MRI- most useful

which imaging techniques could we choose if we wanted to see the ligaments/tendons?

MRI

which is the best imaging technique for seeing ligaments or tendons?

CT

which is the best imaging technique for seeing the respiratory tract?

CT

which is the best imaging technique for seeing the skeleton?

ultrasound

(can also see with xrays, CT, MRI)

which is the best imaging technique for seeing the abdomen?

ultrasound

which is the best imaging technique for seeing the eye?

what is arteriography?