Period 1 Flashcards

(Luke Milan --> Quizlet)

What I would do to review

- Don't bother with the powerpoint I got pretty much everything off of it

- Watch all of the Unit 1 (1.2-1.6) Heimler's History videos that he just made plus the whole Unit 1 review video

- Reread your notes on the textbook or even reread the pages

- Do the AP Classroom progress check for AP-style practice

- go over this quizlet (don't try and memorize everything, just make sure you understand the basics)

- if you feel like it, do the AP practice questions on pages 47-52 of the textbook

What is the SAQ CSE format?

Use for short answer questions (SAQ) - Claim, Support, Explain - Make a short 1-2 sentence claim, then add some details or evidence about your claim, then explain how the details actually support your claim

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their latitude by observing the position of the stars - allowed farther boat travel to trade

Atlantic World

A term used to describe the system of interactions of continents around the Atlantic - Europe, Africa, and the Americas (during the Age of Exploration)

Aztec

A Central Mexican civilization that had a capital called Tenochtitlan - was very advanced with extensive trading systems, calendars, and cultivated crops like maize (corn)

Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system that focuses on private money versus the old medieval system of lords and landowners with all the power - one of the reasons started to switch to capitalism was because of all the trade and gold coming from Americas - Joint-Stock companies, where people pooled money together, let people share the risk of long ship voyages

Caravel

Portuguese small trade ships with a lateen (triangle) sail that let them sail into the wind - used by Prince Henry the Navigator to sail around Africa for new trade routes

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies across the Atlantic - new technology like guns and horses in America (and new diseases that killed a lot of Americans), new foods for Europe to eat (healthier diet)

Conquistador

Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military conquests in the Americas (especially South America) - Cortez conquers Aztecs, Pizarro conquers Incas

Encomienda

A forced labor system where the Spanish Crown let the Spanish conquistadors force the natives to work for them in exchange for "protection" (slavery) and converting them to Christianity

Spanish Caste System

A racial social order system in the Americas that ranked you based on your background - 1. Peninsulares (Spanish people born in Spain) 2. Creoles (Spanish people born in Americas) 3. Mestizos (Half Spanish half native) 4. Indigenous People (the natives) 5. Slaves (African and Caribbean)

Module 1.1 - Period 1 Background

- Asian migration 10,000-40,000 years ago would begin the first American cultures and societies (across Siberian land bridge)

- By 1300-1400s the Mississippian Indians, Aztecs, and Incas in Americas

- In 1400s Europe, Italy and Portugal control trade east to Asia so Spain tries to go west from the other side running into Americas

- Transformed Americas - plants, animals, germs, technology, Christianity

- Throughout 1490s-1590s Mexico, West Indies (Caribbean), Central/South America most affected

- Because so many Native Americans died, Spanish/Portuguese need slaves to farm sugar, coffee, and tobacco

Module 1.2 - Agriculture

- Between 8000-2000 BC societies started settling in permanent locations because of farming

- Horticulture is working small farms with simple tools (developed in Mexico)

- Three Sisters of crops; maize/corn, beans, squash; especially maize allowed for bigger population

- By 800 CE, better irrigation makes more food and allows for specialization (different jobs) making more complex societies

Module 1.2 - Maya/Aztec/Inca

- All 3 had complex religions, societies, trading, calendars, math/science, and most important could farm for a stable food source; maize (corn)

- Mayas in Yucatan peninsula; peaks 300 to 800 CE but even in 1500s still a few towns around; big cities

- Aztecs in central Mexico (capital Tenochtitlan on modern Mexico City); feudal society with religion and sacrifices and lots of trade; chinampas were small farming islands

- Incas in Peru; peaked in 1400s; used lots of farming techniques (like farming on the sides of mountains) to succeed

Module 1.2 - North American Societies

- 6 big regions; each region different because of environment

- Great Basin/Plains: Hot/dry with nomadic hunter (men)/gatherers (women) who moved with seasons: Ute tribe

- Mississippian: Cahokia city with 10-20k ppl; rich soil for farming so had villages and towns with complex societies; traded on rivers; Hopewell people

- Northeast: sort of nomadic but lived in longhouses; Iroquois tribe created Iroquois Confederacy (group of tribes allied together)

- Atlantic Coast: Three sisters (agricultural society); men hunted, women farmed; partly nomadic but some lived in villages; family heritage based on mother not on father; Cherokee tribe

- Northwest/Pacific coast: lived in villages; did not farm, got food from the sea/hunted; longhouses in the Northwest; Chinook (Northwest) and Chumash (Pacific coast) tribes

- Southwest: villages with farming and irrigation built into cliffs or out of adobe bricks (clay + water); Pueblo people

Module 1.3 - Causes for European Exploration

- Climate and better farming techniques = more food = bigger population

- Renaissance in 1400-1500s means wealthy people want luxury goods from Asia

- Political Unification; countries stabilize (Spain just finished Inquisition which was getting rid of all non-Catholic beliefs)

- New tech like astrolabe and caravel (triangle-sail ship for sailing into the wind)

- Trade routes blocked by Italians and Muslims so Spain/Portugal had to find new routes

- Each European nation trying to spread their religion (versions of Christianity) to prove they are better

- Each European nation also trying to compete to stop each other from getting too strong (especially Spain/Portugal)

Module 1.3 - Europe Enter Americas

- Portugal, looking for new trade routes, makes it around Africa with Prince Henry the Navigator (gets slaves and good spices now)

- Spain can't go around Africa so has to find a new way and so crosses Atlantic

- Pope in 1493 and later Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divide South America between Spain and Portugal to stop fighting (down a vertical line)

- Columbus makes it to America and brings back lots of money and trade proving this could work

- England and France also explore a bit; England's John Cabot and Sir Walter Raleigh explore some North America and France's Jacques Cartier explores modern Canada

Module 1.4 - Columbian Exchange

- Columbian Exchange: transfer of plants, animals (horses especially), diseases, and trade across the Atlantic Ocean

- Forms Atlantic World (term for everything going on between the Americas, Europe, and Africa at the time)

- New tech like guns for America, new diseases for America kills many, new food for Europe means bigger populations

- Joint-Stock companies (people pooling their money) means people lose less money if something goes wrong sailing long-distance

- All this trade means feudalism declines because anyone can get rich; start of capitalism

Module 1.5 - Spain in Americas

- Cortez conquering Aztecs and Pizarro conquering Incas brings back lots of money; encourages Spain

- Because of the diseases and guns Spanish brought, very easy to get all the gold and riches from the Native Americans

- On Columbus' last voyage to Americas, introduces the Encomienda system (land and slavery from Native Americans)

- King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella create Requerimiento (requirement); says that Spanish are doing all this in the name of the pope and Christianity; but was read in Latin or Spanish so the natives couldn't understand anyway

- No old nobility had power; just a caste (power ranking) system based off of race (see Spanish Caste System card)

Module 1.5 - African Slave Trade

- Existed before Columbian Exchange but really starts to increase around this time

- Encomienda system didn't work well because Natives knew land well and kept running away, so Spanish imported African slaves instead

- So Asiento system by Spain forces colonists to pay a tax to Spanish king/queen on slaves brought to Americas

- Over 10-15 million slaves from Africa imported at this time; many dying on the ships from Africa to Americas (called the Middle Passage)

- Introduces African culture to Americas; musical styles and rhythms and food like rice

Module 1.6 - Interactions in the Americas

- Europeans and Indians believed different things; land use, religion, gender roles, and family structure were all different

- Some cultural things mixed; a lot of natives converted to Christianity (or partially converted); Europeans adopted Indigenous culture like agriculture (French even married into Indian families to boost fur trade relations)

- A lot of resistance; Native Americans allied against Europeans; 1511 Puerto Rico rebels against Spanish but lost because no guns in the Taino rebellion

- In North America, English get rid of natives instead of putting them into slavery; French view natives as allies and trading partners

Module 1.6 - Americas viewed in Europe

- Some people worried about American treatment

- Starts Valladolid debates; Bartolome de la Casas (who was a conquistador) argued Indigenous were humans; Juan Gines de Sepulveda says they weren't; no real winner of the debate

- King of Spain creates New Laws of 1542, ending native slavery and begins to end Encomienda system

- New Spanish policy is to use missionaries instead of soldiers to convert the natives

- To replace all this lost labor, Africans became viewed as people who deserve to be enslaved (Sons of Ham; a Bible metaphor)

Module 1.7 - Causation in Period 1

Not really an actual module - asking if you can write an argument explaining the AP goal (next flashcard) - the 1.7 goal is about summarizing all the effects and stuff in period 1

AP Goals Period 1 - Know how to answer these at least a little

1.1 AP Goal: Explain the context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491 to 1607

1.2 AP Goal: Explain how and why various native populations in the period before European contact interacted with the natural environment in North America.

1.3 AP Goal: Explain the causes of exploration and conquest of the New World by various European nations.

1.4 AP Goal: Explain causes of the Columbian Exchange and itseffectonEuropeandthe Americas during the period after 1492.

1.5 AP Goal: Explain how the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shaped the development of social and economic structures over time.

1.6 AP Goal: Explain how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed and changed in the period.

1.7 AP Goal: Explaintheeffectsofthedevelopment of transatlantic voyages from 1491 to 1607.

AP Goal Short Explanations

1.1: Talk about the already existing societies and where they came from and who they are

1.2: Talk about farming practices, various North American tribes, what the cities were like

1.3: Talk about the trading routes being blocked, better technology, religion spreading, etc.

1.4: Talk about the reasons Europeans crossed (1.3) and the stuff Europeans brought over like guns and diseases and the food and money they brought back

1.5: Mention caste system, slavery, Encomienda system, etc.

1.6: Mention how they influenced each other culturally, what they each changed, etc.

1.7: Summarize everything in the unit basically (not causes though, just effects)

Key Concepts: be able to explain most of these a little

aristocrat

astrolabe

Atlantic World

Aztec

capitalism

caravel

Columbian Exchange

conquistador

encomienda

feudalism

horticulture

Incas

Inquisition

Maya

missionary

mission system

Pueblo

Renaissance

Requerimiento

Spanish caste system

Tenochtitlán

Three Sisters