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Approach-Approach Conflict
A situation in which a person has to choose between 2 attractive outcomes, possibly leading to feelings of tension or stress
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
A situation in which a person has to choose between 2 undesirable outcomes, possibly leading to feelings of tension or stress
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
A situation in which a person has 1 goal with both attractive and unattractive features, possibly leading to feelings of tension or stress
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict
A situation in which a person has to choose between 2 options that have desirable and undesirable outcomes, possibly leading to feelings of tension or stress
Joseph Ledoux’s Theory
Suggests we have a fast, automatic response for survival (fear) and a slower, more thoughtful response that can override the initial emotional reaction
3 Components to Emotion
Physiological arousal
Cognitive/conscious experience
Expressive behaviors
James-Lange Theory
Concept: Emotions occur after physiological reactions
Process: Stimulus → Physiological Response → Emotion
Example: You see a bear → Your heart races → You feel fear
Key Point: Physical reactions cause emotions
Cannon-Bard Theory
Concept: Emotions and physiological responses happen simultaneously
Process: Stimulus → Emotion and Physiological Response occur at the same time
Example: You see a bear → You feel fear and your heart races simultaneously
Key Point: Both emotions and physical reactions are triggered at the same time
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
Concept: Emotions result from physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal
Process: Stimulus → Physiological Response → Cognitive Labeling → Emotion
Example: Your heart races (physiological response), you think “I must be excited!” (interpretation), and you feel excited
Key Point: We label our physical responses to identify emotions
Common-Sense Theory
Concept: Emotions cause physiological reactions
Process: Stimulus → Emotion → Physiological Response
Example: You see a bear → You feel fear → Your heart races
Key Point: Emotions happen first, followed by bodily reactions
Lazarus' Appraisal Theory
Concept: Emotions are based on cognitive appraisal (interpretation) of a situation
Process: Stimulus → Appraisal → Emotion
Example: You see a bear → You assess whether it’s dangerous or not → You feel fear (if you judge it as dangerous) or calmness (if you judge it as harmless)
Key Point: We appraise situations, which leads to emotional responses
Universal Face Expressions
Happiness
Sadness
Surprise
Disgust
Fear
Anger
Contempt
Display Rules
A social group/culture’s standards on how to appropriately express emotions
