Chapter 4- Muscular System

bradykinesia

extreme slowness in movement

myocele

the herniation of muscle substances through a tear in the fascia surrounding it

myorrhaphy

surgical suturing of a muscle

tenolysis

release of a tendon from adhesions

dyskinesia

distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions

dystonia

A condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement.

hyperkinesia

Abnormally increased motor function or activity; also known as hyperactivity.

transverse

in a crosswise direction

adduction

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.

abduction

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

circumduction

The circular movement at the far end of a limb.

dorsiflexion

Movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle.

pronation

The act of rotating the arm or the leg so the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.

adhesion

A band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.

atonic

Lacking normal muscle tone or strength.

fasciitis

Inflammation of a fascia.

myolitis

inflammation of a muscle

physical therapist

provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques.

electromyography

A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation.

paralysis

The loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply.

hemiparesis

Slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body.

myo-

muscle

\-cele

hernia, tumor, swelling

teno-

tendon

\-lysis

setting free, loosening

brady-

slow

kinesio-

movement

dys-

bad, painful, difficult

tono-

tone, streching, tension

hyper-

excessive, increased

hypo-

deficient, decreased

trans-

across, beyond

fascio-

fascia, fibrous band

\-plegia

paralysis, stroke

\-paresis

partial, incomplete paralysis

\-ia

abnormal condition, disease

\-ic

pertaining to

\-rrhaphy

surgical suturing

\-rrhexis

rupture

tri-

three

taxo-

coordination, order

quadro-

four

hemi-

half

a-

without

\-trophy

development

\-otomy

cutting, surgical incision

Fibromyalgia

a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms.

hernia

The protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it.

polymyositis

A muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body.

muscular dystrophy

A group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system.

ganglion cyst

A harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist.

myasthenia gravis

A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles.

carpal tunnel syndrome

Inflammation and swelling of the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel, which then create pressure on the median nerve.

heel spur

A calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the heel bone.

sarcopenia

The loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging.

parkinson’s disease

A chronic, degenerative central nervous system disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait caused by inadequate levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain.