Nutrient Needs and Life Stage Nutrition

Nutrients

• Chemical compounds within food

• contains 6 categories

6 categories of nutrients

• Water

• Protein

• Fat

• Carbohydrates

• Vitamins

• Minerals

Macromolecules

• Protein

• Fat

• Carbohydrates

Micromolecules

• Vitamins

• Minerals

Ingredients

• Identifiable components that make up a food product

• these are made up of nutrients

Water

Most vital nutrient

• Constant access to clean and fresh of this

  • Cellular function

  • Digestion and nutrient absorption

  • Waste removal

Ingredients with water

• Whole meats - chicken, beef, pork, fish

  • 70% water

• Broths

• Added water for processing

Protein

Contains a Amino group, carboxyl group, variable R group

• Amino acids

Ingredients with protein

• Meats - Chicken, beef, pork, fish

  • Whole

  • Meat meals

  • Organ meats

• Nuts

• Beans/Legumes

• Eggs

• Whey protein

• Blood meal

• Isolates - highly refined extractions

Fats

Chains

• Saturated: solid at room temperature

• Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature

• Essential Fatty Acids: Omega-3, Omega-6

Ingredients with fat

Animal: Adipose tissue, liver

Plant oils: corn oil, coconut oil

Omega 6 fatty acid examples

• Vegetable oils

• Safflower oil

• Meat

• poultry

• eggs

Omega 3 fatty acid examples

• Greeleafy vegetables

• Flax and chia seeds

• Canola, walnut, and soybean oils

• Oily fish

• Algae oil

• Krill oil

Carbohydrates

Most vital nutrients!

• Simple (sugars: glucose, fructose)

  • Monosaccharides

  • Oligosaccharides

• Complex (starches)

  • Polysaccharides

  • Dietary Fiber

    • Soluble

    • Insolule

Ingredients with carbohydrates

• Organ meats - glycogen

• Fiber: beans, legumes, fruits, nuts and seeds, leafy vegetables, whole grains

• Starches: beans, legumes, fruits, cereal grains, root vegetables

• Sugars: Fruits, corn, sugar beet, sugar cane, plant nectars, animal milks, Honey

Fat soluble Vitamins

A - vision

D -

E - moisture to the skin

K - Muscle function (especially for the heart)

Water Soluble vitamins

• B Complex

  • B1 Thiamin

  • B2 Riboflavin

  • B3 Niacin

  • B5 Pantothenic acid

  • B6 Pyriodoxine

  • B7 Biotin

  • B9 Folic acid

  • B12 Cobalamin

• C - Ascorbic acid

Vitamins

A, B, C, D, E, K

Ingredients with vitamins

• Animal: Liver (E, K, D, some A)

• Plants: sunflower oil, soybean oil (vit. E), Citris fruit (vit. C)

• Natural vs. Synthetic

Minerals

• From the earth - inorganic compounds

• Macrominerals: necessary in high concentrations

• Microminerals: necessary in low concentrations

Ingredients with minerals

• Mineral premix

• Calcium: fish, milk products, leafy greens

• Potassium: potato skins, tomatoes, beans and lentils

• Sodium: salts

• Phosphorus: meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk

• Sulfur: protein-rich foods

• Zinc: meat, shellfish, poultry, whole grains

• Copper: shellfish, nuts, whole grains, beans

• Selenium: seafood, organ meats

Macrominerals

• Calcium

• Potassium

• Sodium

• Phosphorus

Energy Concepts

• Excess vs. Deficiency

• Energy derived from protein, fat, carbs

  • Breaking chemical bonds

  • Bioavailability

• Metabolizable energy (ME) the energy utilized by the body

Metabolizable energy

The energy utilized by the body

• Not lost to heat

• Not lost through waste products (urine/feces)

• RER

• DER

Bioavailability - what effects it

• Processing Method

• Nutrients form

• Ingredient Quality

• Dietary fiber

• Ingredient interactions

• Species differences

Bioavailability - Processing Method

• Dry: Extrusion, Baking, Coating

• Wet: Canning, Pouching

• Dehydrated

• Freeze-dried: freezing and sublimation

• Raw: ground, crushed, cut, fresh or frozen

Bioavailability - Nutrient form

• Chelates

• Natural vs. Synthetic

Bioavailability - Ingredient quality

• Whole

• Meals

Bioavailability - Dietary Fiber

• Soluble/Fermentable

  • Fruits and veggies

  • Beet pulp, grains, legumes

    • Easily digestable

• Insoluble/Non-fermentable

  • Cellulose, ligin

    • Increases fullness (weight loss)

    • Increase fecal bulk

    • Stimulate gut motility

Bioavailability - Ingredient Interactions

• Enhanced nutrient absorption

  • Nutritent synergy

  • Pre/probiotics and fiber

  • Digestive enzymes

  • Proper nutrient ratios

  • Competing minerals

Bioavailability - Species differences

• Digestive systems vary greatly

• Cats aren’t small dogs

Cat special needs

• Obligate carnivors

• Cannot efficiently derive certain essential nutritents from plants

• Higher protein need

Dog special needs

• Facultative carnivore - Omnivore

• Can syntheszie essential nutrients from plants

• Not partial to specific texture/flavors

Life stages recognized by AAFCO

• Growth

• Adult maintenance

• Gestation

• Lactation

Nutritional Adequacy statement for growth stage of life

• “growth,” “growth and reproduction,” or “all life stages”

• Large breed dogs:

  • “…incuding growth of large size dogs (70lbs or more as an adult)

  • If not present (or “except”), not formulated for large breeds

    • Risk of developmental orthopedic disease (DOD)

    • Need balanced Ca:P ratio (1:1 - 1.5:1)

Nutritional Needs for growth

Dog

• Crude protein up to 22% DMB

• Crude Fat up to 8% DMB

• Vitamins and minerals increased, vary by breed needs

Cat

• Crude protein up to 30% DMB

• Crude Fat minimum 9% DMB

• Amino acids arginine and taurine

• Vitamins and minerals increased, added vit. A

Nutritional Adequacy statement for Adult maintenanc

“maintenance,” “adult maintenance,” or “all life stages”

Nutritional Needs for Adult Maintenance

Dog 1-6 years (large breed mature earlier)

• Crude protein about 18% DMB

• Crude fat about 5% DMB

• Vitamins and Minerals - increased vary by breed needs

Cats 1-6 years

• Crude protein minimum 26% DMB

• Crude fate minimum 9% DMB

• Obligate carnivore: Amino Acids arginine and taurine

• Vitamins and minerals balanced - added vit A

Nutritional Adequacy statement for Gestation/Lactation

“Gestation/lactation,” or “all life stages”

“growth” puppy/kitten food

Nutritional Adequacy statement for Senior

“Maintenance,” or “all life stages”

Nutritional needs for Gestation/Lactation

• Free-choice feeding

• Increased nutritional density

  • Energy needs 30-60% higher than maintenance

    • Additional calories from proteins and fats

  • Appropriate calcium - do not supplement! for lactation watch for hypocalcemia

  • Soluble carbs, low fiber

  • Lacation peaks 3-4 weeks postpartum

Nutritional needs for Senior

• Maintain quality of life

• Prevent/manage disease

  • Adjust calories, protein, phosphorus, sodium

  • Increase fiber

Dogs considered senior

Small breed >7 years

Large breed > 5 years

Cats considered senior

Mature: 7-10 years

Senior: 11-14 years

Geriatric: 15+

Nutrition for “All life stages”

“Formulated for all life stages,” or “formulated for maintenance and growth”

• One product for all life stages

• Nutrient levels for the highest need

  • Above/below biological needs