History and theory

The history of computer begins with the birth of abacus which is believed to be the first computer.

The history of computer begins with the birth of ________ which is believed to be the first computer.

Nursing informatics

is a specialization in nursing that focuses on the use of data and information to enhance nursing practice, administration, education, and research

Mother board

is the central circuit board of a computer. Think of it as the backbone that connects all the other components. It houses the CPU, memory, and expansion slots, and it provides the pathways for data to travel between them. It also includes connectors for peripherals like the keyboard, mouse, and monitor.

Monitor

is the visual display screen that allows you to see the output from the computer. It displays images, text, and videos generated by the computer's graphics card.

Keyboard

is an input device that allows you to type text and commands into the computer. It translates keystrokes into signals that the computer can understand.

Mouse

is a pointing device that allows you to interact with the graphical elements on the screen. It controls the cursor, allowing you to select icons, open files, and navigate through menus.

ANA, 1992

A specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science in identifying, collecting, processing, and managing data and information to support nursing practice, administration, education, and research and to expand nursing knowledge. The purpose of nursing informatics is to analyze information requirements; design, implement and evaluate information systems and data structures that support nursing; and identify and apply computer technologies for nursing.

ANA, 1994).

“Nursing informatics is the specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science in identifying, collecting, processing, and managing data and information to support nursing practice, administration, education, research, and expansion of nursing knowledge. It supports the practice of all nursing specialties, in all sites and settings, whether at the basic or advanced level. The practice includes the development of applications, tools, processes, and structures that assist nurses with the management of data in taking care of patients or in supporting their practice of nursing.” (

Napier’s bones

It was also the first machine to

use the decimal point.

It is said that Chinese invented Abacus around 4,000 years ago.

It is said that _______ invented Abacus around 4,000 years ago.

Abacus

It was a wooden rack which has metal rods with

beads mounted on them.

China, Russia and Japan.

Abacus is still used in some countries like

____________.

NAPIER’S BONES

It was a manually-operated calculating device which was invented by John Napier

Pascaline

also known as Arithmetic Machine

or Adding Machine.

Blaise Pascal.

Pascaline was invented between 1642 and 1644 by a French mathematician philosopher.

Pascaline

It was a wooden box with a

series of gears and wheels. When a wheel is

rotated one revolution, it rotates the

neighboring wheel.

STEPPED RECKONER OR LEIBNITZ WHEEL

It was a digital mechanical calculator which was

called the stepped reckoner as instead of gears it

was made of fluted drums

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz

STEPPED RECKONER OR LEIBNITZ W was developed by a German mathematician philosopher

DIFFERENCE ENGINE

It was a mechanical computer which

could perform simple calculations. It was a steam

driven calculating machine designed to solve tables

of numbers like logarithm tables.

Charles Babbage

DIFFERENCE ENGINE was designed by ________ who is known as the "Father of Modern Computer".

Analytical Engine

It was a mechanical

computer that used punch-cards as input. It was

capable of solving any mathematical problem and

storing information as a permanent memory

Charles Babbage

This calculating machine was also developed by________________in 1830

TABULATING MACHINE

It was a mechanical tabulator

based on punch cards.

Herman Hollerith

It was invented in 1890, by _____________ , an

American statistician

DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZER

It was the first electronic computer introduced in the United States in 1930. It could do 25 calculations in few

minutes.

Vannevar Bush.

It was an analog device

invented by ___________

MARK 1

The next major changes in the history of computer

began in 1937 when Howard Aiken planned to

develop a machine that could perform calculations

involving large numbers.

In 1946, electronic pathways called

circuits were developed to perform the counting.

In 1946, electronic pathways called__________were developed to perform the counting.

1. Input Devices

2. CPU

3. Output Devices

4. Primary Memory

5. Secondary Memory

There are 5 MAIN computer components

• Inputting

• Storing

• Processing

• Outputting

• Controlling

THE OPERATIONS OF COMPUTER COMPONENTS

Inputting

It is the process of entering raw

data, instructions and information into the

computer. It is performed with the help of input

devices.

Storing

The computer has primary memory

and secondary storage to store data and

instructions.

Processing

It is the process of converting the

raw data into useful information.

Outputting

It is the process of presenting the

processed data through output devices like

monitor, printer and speakers.

Controlling

The control

unit ensures that all basic operations are

executed in a right manner and sequence.

INPUT DEVICES

enables the user to send data,

information, or control signals to a computer.

OUTPUT DEVICES

The output device displays the result of the

processing of raw data that is entered in the

computer through an input device.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

also called a processor,

central processor, or microprocessor.

refers to all

physical components of a computer system,

including the devices connected to it.

WHAT IS COMPUTER HARDWARE?

1. Motherboard

2. Monitor

3. Keyboard

4. Mouse

Some of the commonly used hardware in your

computerare described below

Software

Is the general term applied to the instructions that direct the computers’ hardware to perform work

Software

Translate instructions created in human language into machine language. At the machine level, computers can only understand binary numbers, not English, or any other languages

Source Code

Fundamental component of a computer program that is created by a programmer. It can be read and easily understood by a human being

OPEN SOURCE

Any software satisfying the open software initiative’s definition (OSI). ; has access to the source code.

1) Freedom to use

2) Freedom to study

3) Freedom to redistribute

4) Freedom to improve the software in any way they wish

FREE SOFTWARE 4 fs

FREEWARE

software offered free of charge, but without the freedom to modify the source code and redistribute the changes

SHAREWARE

“TRY BEFORE YOU BUY” basis. If a customer continues to use the product after a short trial period, or wishes to use additional features, they are required to pay a specified, usually nominal, license fee

Skype

pidgin

U torrent

Example of freeware

Ardramax keylogger

internet download manager

AVG antivirus

Example of shareware

Concept

An abstract idea; a general idea or understanding of something.

Theory

A scientifically credible general principle that explains a phenomenon.

Concept

Term is used in different fields such as linguistics, sciences, philosophy, etc.

Theory

This term is mainly used in the field of science.

General systems theory

is one of the oldest theories that explain that systems are complex and intricate yet hold commonalities that can be explained and applied to almost any type.

Systems can be physical structures (education, healthcare, financing, etc.), manual (baking a cake, gardening, patient’s hygiene, etc.) or those that are electronic or computerized (electronic medical records, computerized provider order entry, automated medication dispensing, etc.)

Systems can be ________________(education, healthcare, financing, etc.), ____________(baking a cake, gardening, patient’s hygiene, etc.) or those that are _______________ (electronic medical records, computerized provider order entry, automated medication dispensing, etc.)

Von Bertalanffy

Who develop the general system theory

a. All systems must be goal directed

b. A system is more than the sum of its parts

c. A system is everchanging and any change in one part affects the whole  

d. Boundaries are implicit and human systems are open and dynamic.

 

Von Bertalanffy (1969, 1976) developed General System Theory, which has the following assumptions:

Input

The raw materials that are transformed by a system.

Throughput

The activities involved in converting raw materials into a usable product or service.

Output

The final product or service produced by a system.

Input

Money, energy, and individual effort within a system.

Throughput

Thinking, planning, and decision-making processes.

Change theory

It's a framework for understanding how change happens, particularly in social systems, organizations, or even individuals

Kurt lewin

Who develop the change theory

unfreezing-change-refreeze.

Three-stage model of change:

driving forces, restraining forces, and equilibrium.

Change Theory has three major concepts:

Unfreezing is

creating an imbalance or some form of distraction to shake up the status quo between the driving forces (motivators for change) versus the restraining forces (factors that resist change)

The unfreezing stage

is such a crucial step in the change process because it creates some form of conflict that makes the scenario conducive to questioning the status quo. Once the imbalance is created, it is somewhat easier to influence change or to encourage resistors to consider and embrace the change

Moving

is when the actual change occurs, If prior to moving the restraining forces are stronger, at this stage, they have now become susceptible to change.

Refreezing

Change is then adopted and the driving forces become more dominant. However, for change to stick, the third step has to set in _________________, or assuring that change has indeed occurred and has been adopted.

Everett Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory

is one that is more suitable for unplanned change. It is a more arduous process and can sometimes takes a longer time.

Innovators

-They are quick to embrace change, and no matter the hurdles are, they will face them head on and keep the fight going.

Early Majority

-Most people who are motivated to accept the change fall under this category

Early Adopters

They listen to the change that is being introduced, ask some questions but generally adopts to the change.

Late Majority

-They do not understand or refuse to comprehend the need for change.

Laggard

They are the hard-core resistors. They do not like change. They will do anything to avoid accepting change, e.g., take a leave of absence, resign, retire, sick out, passive aggressive behaviors, etc.

Chaos theory

explores complex, dynamic systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions. This sensitivity is often referred to as the "butterfly effect," where a tiny change in starting conditions can lead to drastically different outcomes.

Usable theory

focuses on how easy and efficient it is for users to interact with a system or product.

A _________is one that is effective, efficient, satisfying, and error-free.  

Learning Theory

explore how people acquire, retain, and apply knowledge and skills. There are many different learning theories, each with its own perspective on the learning process.

 

RXBOX

______________ a biomedical device that helps health workers in remote areas consult with medical experts in urban areas. It was originally intended for trauma care at the Philippine General Hospital (PGH). 

RXBOX

a telehealth device that helps people in remote areas access medical care

researchers from the University of the Philippines (UP) and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).

Who developed the rxbox?

Dr. Alvin Marcelo, then NTHC director, and

Dr. Luis Sison of the UP Diliman College of Engineering

Specifically who developed the rxbox

• ECG

• Pulse oximeter

• Thermometer

• Sphygmomanometer

• Doppler for fetal heart tone

• Maternal tocometer

The RxBox sensor suite expanded to include a

• Electronic Health Records

• Telehealth and remote monitoring

• Wearable Technology

Evolving Role of Technology in Nursing

Data Security

Interoperability

Digital Divide

Sociotechnical Challenges to

Digital Health Integration

Data Security

Ensuring patient privacy and

data security is paramount

in the digital health

environment.Data Security

Interoperability

Seamless data exchange

between different

healthcare systems is critical

for effective care

coordination.

Digital Divide

Addressing disparities in digital access and literacy is essential

for equitable healthcare delivery.

Training and Education

Digital Literacy

Access to Technology

Lack of Digital Skills and

Access for Nurses

Training and Education

Nurses require comprehensive

training in using digital tools

effectively.

Digital Literacy

Bridging the gap in digital

literacy among nurses is

essential for successful

implementation of technology.

Access to Technology

Ensuring access to reliable

technology and internet

connectivity for nurses is

critical.

• Data breaches can compromise sensitive patient information.

• Strong cybersecurity measures and data encryption protocols are essential.

• Transparency and patient consent are crucial for

  safeguarding privacy.

Patient Privacy and Data

Security Concerns

• Fear of the Unknown

  • Some nurses may resist change and be hesitant to adopt new technologies.

• Lack of Support

  • Providing adequate training, technical support, and resources is crucial for successful adoption.

• Focus on User-Friendliness

  • Designing intuitive and user-friendly interfaces is key for minimizing resistance.

Resistance to Change and

Adapting to New Technologies

Ethical considerations

The ethical implications of emerging technologies require careful consideration.

Data Integrity and bias

Ensuring data accuracy and minimizing bias in AI-powered tools is crucial.

Human centered approach

Technology should augment, not replace, the essential

human connection in nursing.