unit 5 review

Mediterranean Climate

Has mild winters and dry summers, suitable for crops like grapes, olives, nuts, and citrus fruits.

Arid/Semiarid Climates Agriculture

Includes pastoral nomadism, ranching, and grain farming.

Tropical Climates Agriculture

Involves plantation, shifting cultivation, and intensive subsistence wet rice dominant.

Extensive Farming

Requires more land and less labor, e.g., shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching.

Intensive Farming

Needs more labor/machinery and less land, e.g., market gardening, plantation agriculture, mixed crop, and livestock systems.

Bid-Rent Theory

Land costs influence farming practices, with extensive farming farther from cities due to lower land prices.

Von Thunen Model

Explains rural land use based on transportation costs from the market.

Green Revolution

Technological changes in agriculture increasing food production.

Subsistence Agriculture

Farmers grow food for family consumption; Commercial Agriculture:Farming for profit and wider consumption.

Conservation Efforts

Aim to preserve farmland and limit environmental harm, e.g., no tillage for soil fertility.

Changing diets

People have more access to foods/crops not traditionally grown in their areas due to hybrid and GMO seeds.

Role of women in agricultural production

More women in developing countries are working as farmers and in agribusiness.

Economic purpose

Farmers are shifting to commercial farming with increased technologies.

Sustainability

Debates exist on the sustainability of GMOs due to pesticide use on genetically modified crops.

Soil and water usage

Mechanical weeding of GMOs can lead to soil erosion; concerns over excessive water use in aquaculture.

Reductions in biodiversity

GMOs can reduce biodiversity if the same crops are consistently used.

Extensive fertilizer and pesticide use

Chemicals from fertilizers and pesticides can pollute the soil.

Urban farming

Growing food in cities to combat food deserts.

Community-supported agriculture (CSA)

Community support for farms, sharing risks and benefits.

Organic farming

Growing in popularity due to demand for organic, pesticide-free foods.

Value-added specialty crops

Crops processed to add value, meeting high demand.

Fair trade

Consumers support fair prices for farmers, sustainable practices, and no child labor.

Local-food movements

Consumers prefer buying from local farmers for sustainability and supporting the local economy.

Dietary shifts

Consumers are moving towards plant-based, organic, and less processed foods.

Lack of food access

Food insecurity due to poverty, large populations, and food deserts.

Problems with distribution systems

Weak distribution systems can limit food access.

Adverse weather

Natural disasters like droughts and floods can damage crops and reduce food supply.

Land use lost to suburbanization

Agricultural lands are lost as suburban areas expand.

Location of food-processing facilities and markets

Facilities located close to markets to reduce transportation costs.

Economies of scale

Allows farmers to increase production and save money.

Government policies

Regulations, health inspections, subsidies impact food production practices.

Women in Agriculture

Higher percentage of women work in agriculture in developing countries.