HSC Biology Module 7 & 8 Flashcards

Flashcards for HSC Biology Module 7 & 8 focusing on Infectious and Non-infectious Diseases.

Pathogen

An infectious agent that is capable causing a disease in a host.

Host

Any organism that carries another organism (e.g. bacteria) or agent (e.g. virus).

Infectious Disease

A disease that is caused by a pathogen or infectious agent and the disease can be transmitted from one (affected) organism to another.

Non-Infectious Disease

A disease that is NOT caused by a pathogen and is unable to be passed from one organism to another.

Disease

An abnormal structural or physiological condition that harms the living organism and lowering its productivity or usefulness.

Viruses

A class of non-cellular pathogen; they have living and non-living features with a protein coat containing genetic information in the form of DNA or RNA.

Bacteria

A class of cellular pathogen; unicellular, microscopic organisms without membrane-bound organelles (prokaryotes).

Protozoans

A class of cellular pathogen; unicellular, eukaryotic organisms that asexually reproduce via binary fission and have DNA as their genetic material.

Fungi

A class of cellular pathogen; can be unicellular (e.g. yeast) or multicellular (e.g. mushroom), all eukaryotes, reproduce via spores, and are not motile.

Macroparasite

A class of cellular pathogen; multicellular, eukaryotic pathogens, visible to the human eye, divided into endoparasites and ectoparasites.

Prions

A class of non-cellular pathogen; do not contain DNA or RNA; mutated Prnp gene, an abnormal protein called PrPSc (i.e. Prion) can be specified resulting the destabilisation and degradation of neurone synapses.

Epidemic

A situation where there is a change in the disease intensity (or occurrence) in a host population across a period of time.

Equine Influenza Virus (a strain of Influenza Type A Virus)

What pathogen causes Equine Influenza?

Direct Contact (Influenza A Transmission)

Contact when an infected person sneezes or coughs, water droplets containing the influenza type A virus is trapped which can be enter the mouth or be inhaled through the nose a healthy organism nearby.

Indirect Contact (Influenza A Transmission)

Contact when infected person’s hands can be contaminated with water droplets (containing the virus) during sneezing or coughing. Subsequently touch an object. Then an uninfected person touches the same object. Afterwards that person touches their mouth or nose. Then the virus can also enter the respiratory tract.

To verify whether a specific pathogen causes a specific infectious disease.

What are Koch's postulates used for?

Spontaneous Generation (living organisms come to life from non-living matter).

What theory did Pasteur's experiments on microbial contamination disprove?

Plant disease

An abnormal condition that harms a plant thus lowering its productivity or usefulness.

Fungi

The most common form of infectious plant disease is caused by what pathogen?

Fire Blight

An infectious plant disease that is caused by bacteria.

Tomato Spotted Wilt

An example of an infectious plant disease that is caused by a virus?

Tomato Spotted Wilt

A plant disease that affects thousands of different plant species and not just tomatoes.

Club Lamb Fungus Disease (Lumpy Wool Disease)

An example of an animal disease caused by fungi.

Marek's Disease

An example of an animal disease caused by a virus.

Follicular dendritic cells

B cells or B lymphocytes can secrete protein that allows prions to enter and accumulate in what cells?

Innate Disease Resistance/ Physical Barrier of Cell Wall & Cuticle.

What is the first defense a plant has to pathogens??

Induced Immunity(General and Specific).

What is the second defense a plant has to pathogens??

Specific-induced immunity in plants that occurs when the plant identifies and recognizes a specific antigen.

What is a hypersensitive response?

A protein molecule present on the pathogen.

An example of an antigen.

Antigens

First Line, Molecules (usually proteins) which the host recognize as being foreign and initiate the adaptive immune response and innate immune response.

Exogenous antigens

First Line, Antigens that are basically found on the invading pathogen itself.

Endogenous antigens

First Line, that are found in the (harmful and/or toxic) chemicals that are produced by the pathogen when it has entered the host organism.

Skin, Mucous Membranes, Cilia

List the physical barriers used as the First Line of defense

Acidic conditions in stomach, Alkaline conditions in intestines, Body secretions – urine, lysozymes, saliva.

List the chemical barriers used as the First Line of defense

Immunity

A state in which an individual is resistant to being infected by a pathogen and develop the corresponding disease.

Humoral response

This is B-cells being activated by Helper T cells to produce antibodies; also known as antibody-mediated immunity.

involves the production of memory T cells and memory B cells, such immunity to the pathogen will last longer than passively acquired immunity.

What is an active acquired immunity?

The availability of healthcare facilities including Hospitals, Medical Centres to access vaccination against virus, use of antivirals, total population.

List the interrelated factors involved in limiting local, regional, and global spread of a named infectious disease. A/An…

hygiene

The cleanliness in food, water and practices are important to prevent the spread of disease.

The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (DAWR)

What government body is responsible for preventing pest from crossing the Australian border?

Quarantine

The act of quarantining individual(s) or species that may potentially be infected from exposure to an infectious pathogen.

induced actively acquired immunity in vaccines against diseases as well as the Germ Theory of Disease where germs which we call pathogens today are responsible for causing disease.

What are vaccines used for

Government regulations to convey the appropriate requirements of potable (drinkable) water exiting the water treatment plant that is supplied to households and factories

One example of a public health campaign.

Pesticides

Chemicals encompass insecticides, fungicides and herbicides?

DDT

The insecticide was used kill Anopheles Mosquito that is a vector for the malaria disease as it carries the plasmodium pathogen.

Genetic engineering

Using such as using recombinant DNA technology to produce transgenic species is a popular measured used by farmers in preventing and controlling the spread of disease through a species population.

Recommended antiviral Oseltamivir and Zanamivir by global public health agencies supplied to consumers to treat, prevent and control Influenza but shows ineffective results depending on usage duration.

An example where anti-viral drug in treating Influenza was mixed.

Antibiotics

What is used to treat bacterial infection and affects the metabolic activities of bacteria which does not exist in viruses.

Teixobactin

This antibiotic DOES NOT cause pathogen for resistance and is a new class of antibiotics that is currently being researched.

Environmental management

seeks to change the environment in order to prevent OR minimise vector propagation and human contact with the vector- pathogen by destroying, altering, removing or recycling non-essential containers that provide egg/ larval/ pupal habitats

Environmental modification, Environmental manipulation,changes to human habitation or behaviour.

List three main types of environmental management which the World Health Organisation outlined to control Dungue Fever

Prevalence (Infectious Disease)

This means the total amount of individuals affected by the particular disease in a given population and time.

Incidence (Infectious Disease

This is the number of new individuals affected by the disease in the same population in a given point in time.

The Davidson and Kakadu plums are natural Australian fruits that has approximately 100 times more ascorbic acid (vitamin C) than contained in an orange.

These are some Aboriginal protocols in medicine

Homeostasis

is the maintenance of a constant or almost constant internal environment, despite fluctuations in the external environmental.

Thermoregulation

This is an example of homeostasis mechanism that you would expect to find in endotherms.

Endotherms

are organisms uses internal mechanisms to maintain their core body temperature within a narrow range, despite fluctuations in external environment.

Ectotherms

are organisms that DO NOT have internal mechanisms to generate heat and so they must relate on heat from the external environment to regulate their core body temperature.

Mountain Pygmy Possum

An example endotherms that lives in cold, windy, mountainous regions of Australia has short legs, round body and small ears to minimise heat loss.

Fairy Penguin

An example endotherms that lives in cold, southern seas of Australia Again, it has short legs and round body similar to the Mountain Pygmy Possum, no external ear flaps which also minimises contact or exposure with cool surroundings to help maintain its core body temperature.

Red Kangaroo

An endotherm Lives in hot, arid areas of Australia such as deserts & grasslands, They have a lot of blood vessels under their forearm and paws. This encourages heat loss via convection to keep their core body temperature within a narrow range, despite the hot ambient surroundings.

Nervous system

The is critical for living organism to respond to both internal and external environmental changes using electrochemical impulses to relay messages regarding environmental changes.

Endocrine system

The employs hormones which trigger reactions to change in order achieve homeostasis.

Reception, Transmission, interpretation

The nervous system involves of stimulus, ___of messages, ___ and generation of response(s).

Peripheral Nervous System

The __ is essentially a network of nerves that can be further divided into two categories which are sensory nerves and motor nerves.

Crassulecean Acid Metabolism

Maintains water balance, A.M Pathway.

cystic fibrosis

Genetic diseases include Tay-Sachs Disease, _

cystic fibrosis

An inherited mutation involving the deletion of three base (CTT) in the Cystic Fibrosis allele (or gene),one missing amino acid, affects cells that are responsible for the secretion of mucus, sweat and other digestive fluids.

mercury

heavy metal pollution example.

herbivores

nutritional disease caused iron deficiency

oncogenes

cancer

Myopia

This Visual disorder results in the difficulty of objects that are far away

Accomodation

What takes place which helps focuses light onto the retina’s fovea to produce a clear image at varying distances by adjusting the curvature or shape of the lens.

cataracts

What is a condition that is caused as a natural result of aging whereby light is prevented from striking the retina.

nephrons.

The kidney is made up of what?

Polycystic kidney

is a disease whereby Cysts (fluid-filled sacs) are formed in walls of nephrons.

Hearing aids

A battery-powered electrical devices that are used to amplify the sound in the ambient environment such that the affected individual, who are hearing-impaired, can hear better,

Bone Conduction Implants

are used to bypass outer and middle ear?

spectacles

adjust refracts near /far.

laser surgery

is a type of laser refractive eye surgery used to restore vision defects such as myopia and hyperopia.

Dialysis

is a technique That involves a machine whereby a semi-permeable dialysis tubing is attached to an artery where the patient’s blood is pumped into the tubing

Pregnant aboriginal new to quit smoking

Quit for new life program

Syringe program

Used to lower HIV transmission rate after injection of drugs.

Education on preventing skin cancer

Sun smart program

Gene therapy

Modify DNA to treat /prevent

Hearing ands

Used for hearing loss, amplifies environment

Bone Conduction implants

Used for hearing loss, directly stimulates nerve, bionic ear

Used for cataracts-ultrasonic probe

Laser eye

Dialysis

Acts as an artifical kidney