Studied by 14 people
Primary economy
timber, fisheries, and mineral and energy resources
Intensive agriculture
requires lots of labor input, or is focused on a small plot of land, or both
extensive agriculture
requires limited labor input, or is spread across large areas of land, or both
Transhumance
where groups move seasonally not only to avoid harsh climates, but also to follow animal herds and walk to areas where native plants were in fruit.
pastoralism
agriculture based on the seasonal movement of animals from winter to summer pastures and back again
nomadic herding
a practice where whole communities would drive their herds from one seasonal grazing area to another following an annual cycle that was repeated over centuries
ranching
grazing livestock in a single large area
mixed farming/general farming
where multiple crops and animals exist on a single farm to provide diverse nutritional intake and non-foods items
subsistence agriculture
intensive mixed farming that provides for all of the foos and material needs of a household
extensive subsistence agriculture
occurs when there are low amounts of labor inputs per unit of land
food preservation
necessity for survival via drying, pickling, cooking, and storage jars, leading to many cultural variations in food consumption.
cash-cropping
form of extensive agriculture in which harvested crops are exchanged for currency, goods, or credit.
human ecology
human interactions with nature (forestry techniques, fisheries)
food chain
order of predators that is used to describe several integrated human and mechanical inputs, from developing seeds to planting, to dinner plate.
crop rotation
occurs when one crop is planted on a plot of land and then switched to another plot in subsequent years
multi-cropping
planting more than one crop on the same plot of land
aquifers
underground water tables that gives water to irrigation farms
conservation agriculture
providing a sustainable farming system without sacrificing crop production
no-tillage
involves not plowing the soil so that the soil erosion is greatly reduced and soil fertility is increased, retaining natural vegetation
inner-planting
planting fast-growing crops alongside slow-growing crops, allowing harvest for fast crops before slow shade it out.
sustainable yield
amount of crops or animals that can be raised without endangering local resources
slash and burn agriculture
in tropical rainforest regions with farmers shifting from one plot of land to another every few years as soil nutrients become depleted.
extensive pastoralism
shifting animal herds between grazing pastures (popular in Africa, Middle East, Central Asia)
soil salination
evaporation of water that can trap mineral salts on the surface soil layer. high daytime temps cause water vapor to be drawn out of the irrigated farmland.
vegetative planting
where the shoots, stems, and roots of existing wild plants were collected and grown together
seed agricuture
where the fertilized seed grains and fruits of plants were collected and replanted together
horticulture
where plant varieties that thrived in different soil or climate conditions were cultivated
hearths of domestication
the areas where most of this early agricultural activity originated
green revolution
occurred in the 1950s and 1960s when the tropical plant and animal hybrids and chemical fertilizers and pesticides began to be used in 3rd-world agriculture
recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH)
synthetic hormone used in production of beef and milk
corporate agriculture (agribusiness)
lace-scale extensive farms of several thousand acres/animals that are controlled by a single regional business
downer cattle
ill beef cows used for pet food or animal feed
appellation
local or regional geographic name for the product
fair trade movement
ensuring small farmers and artisans are paid fair for products
suitcase farmers
farm owners who have city jobs but still own land in rural areas
community-supported agriculture (CSA)
programs where produce and other farm products are delivered directly to individual consumers
milkshed
region around a city where fresh milk is delivered without spoiling
ultra-high temp (UHT) pasteurization
preservation method where milk is flash-pasteurized at high temps and under pressure to keep the water in to from turning to steam.
commodity chains
links between producers and consumers in the journey from raw material to delivery of finished product
commodity-dependent
when a single product or type of good accounts for more than 60% of its exports
von thüen’s model
land use is determined by how labor intensive the type of farming is
cost-to-distance relationship
inverse relationship between value of labor and distance from the center of the model. (higher labor, closer to the center)
land-rent curve
mathematical function that shows the changes in rent prices across model.
Note 
Flashcard (24)