Biology 1407 Final Exam

Describe Linnaeus’ method of classifying organisms.

involves a hierarchical system that grouped species based on shared characteristics, using a binomial nomenclature format to assign each species a two-part scientific name consisting of its genus and species.

Name the condition which do NOT occur in populations evolving due to natural selection.

Conditions such as genetic drift, gene flow, or mutation

Name the anatomical structure which is most homologous to the bones in the wings of a bird.

the forelimb of a mammal, such as a human arm.

Give the sequential order of the taxonomical level of organization.

The sequential order of the taxonomical levels of organization is: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

Be able to work Hardy-Weinberg problems: Example- In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles A1 and A2 that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele A2 is 0.4. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele?

The frequency of individuals that are homozygous for allele A2 can be calculated using the formula p², where p is the frequency of allele A2. Thus, the frequency of homozygous individuals for A2 is 0.4² = 0.16.

Define and give examples of prezygotic barriers. Example: Behavioral isolation, etc.

are reproductive obstacles that prevent mating or fertilization between species. Examples include temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, and habitat isolation.

Give a statement that best describes unity within a species.

refers to the genetic, behavioral, and morphological similarities that allow individuals to interbreed and produce viable offspring, maintaining a shared lineage.

Which traits do bacteria and archaea have in common?

both include being unicellular prokaryotes, having similar cell structures without membrane-bound organelles, and possessing circular DNA. They also reproduce asexually through binary fission.

Differentiate between extreme thermophiles & extreme halophiles.

Extreme thermophiles thrive in high-temperature environments, while extreme halophiles live in highly saline conditions. Both are types of extremophiles that adapt to extreme habitats.

Symbiosis

is a close and long-term interaction between two different biological species, which can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful to one or both parties involved.

Host

is an organism that harbors a parasite, mutualist, or commensal symbiont, providing resources and shelter for the other organism's benefit.

Symbiont

is an organism that engages in a symbiotic relationship with a host. This relationship can involve benefits such as nutrients or protection.

Mutualism

is a type of symbiotic relationship where both species benefit from the interaction, enhancing their survival or reproduction.

Commensalism

is a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed, promoting coexistence.

Parasitism

is a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other, often harming the host.

Parasite

An organism that lives on or in a host organism, obtaining nutrients at the host's expense, often causing harm.

Name the characteristics that is common among all protists.

primarily unicellular, eukaryotic organisms that can exhibit both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes, and they often inhabit aquatic environments.

The largest and most complex algae

are known as brown algae, which include species like kelp that can form underwater forests.

What is the common factor between plants and Green algae

Both are photosynthetic organisms and share similar chlorophyll pigments and cellular structure.

What does the charophytes include

a group of green algae closely related to land plants, including forms like Chara and Zygnema.

Plants evolve around what

600 million years ago from green algae.

Xylem

a type of tissue in vascular plants responsible for the transport of water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Phloem

a type of tissue in vascular plants responsible for the transport of sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

Stomata

small openings on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Alternation of generation

the life cycle in which a plant alternates between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte stages, allowing for reproduction and genetic diversity.

Give the characteristics of a fern

vascular plants that reproduce via spores, have large, divided leaves called fronds, and typically require moist environments for growth. They exhibit an alternation of generations in their life cycle.

Be able to identify the structure of an idealized flower. Know the functions of each of the identified parts of the idealized flower.

consists of various parts including sepals, petals, stamens (male reproductive parts), and carpels (female reproductive parts). Each part plays a role in reproduction, attracting pollinators, and protecting the developing seeds.

Explain double fertilization

a unique process in angiosperms where one sperm fertilizes the egg to form a zygote, while another sperm merges with two polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm, providing nourishment for the developing embryo.

In a typical angiosperm, what is the sequence of structures encountered by the tip of a growing pollen tube on its way to the egg?

The sequence includes the stigma, style, and ovary.

Which of the flower parts develops into a fleshy fruit?

The ovary

State the characteristics all chordates have at some point during their life cycle.

possess a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail at some stage of their life cycle.

Name the characteristics which contributed the most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments.

Vertebrates developed adaptations such as amniotic eggs, waterproof skin, and advanced respiratory systems that allowed them to thrive in drier habitats.

Name the characteristics exhibited by both monotremes and marsupials.

exhibit characteristics such as being warm-blooded, having fur or hair, and producing milk to feed their young.

Which body assists with coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals?

The endocrine system, which includes glands that secrete hormones to regulate bodily processes and maintain homeostasis. It plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic balance and responding to internal and external changes.

Give the characteristics of the nervous system signals.

are rapid, transmitting electrical impulses through neurons to control body functions and responses. They enable quick communication between different body parts.

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because

it consists of cells suspended in an extracellular matrix (plasma), connecting and supporting various body parts.

Which characteristics(s) is shared by all types of muscle tissue?

excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.

Name the property displayed by cardiac muscle cells.

display autorhythmicity and involuntary control.

Which type of cell is specialized to store fat in animals?

Adipocytes (fat cells).

Glia cell

also known as neuroglia, are non-neuronal cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems that provide support and protection for neurons. They perform various functions, including maintaining homeostasis, forming myelin (which insulates axons), providing nutrients to neurons, removing waste products, and participating in immune responses within the nervous system.

Circadian rhythm

a natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and other physiological functions, such as hormone release, body temperature, and metabolism, over approximately a 24-hour period. These rhythms are primarily influenced by external cues like light and darkness, acting as a biological clock to maintain optimal functioning.

Differentiate between negative-positive feedback. Give examples for each.

Negative feedback mechanisms work to reduce or counteract a stimulus, bringing a system back to a set point. They are the most common type of regulatory mechanism in living organisms and are crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Examples include the regulation of body temperature (when body temperature rises, mechanisms like sweating cool it down) and blood glucose levels (when blood glucose is high, insulin is released to lower it). In contrast, positive feedback mechanisms amplify or intensify a stimulus, moving the system further away from the set point. These are less common but play vital roles in specific physiological processes. Examples include childbirth (uterine contractions intensify due to oxytocin, leading to more contractions until birth) and blood clotting (platelets signal for more platelets to aggregate at a wound site until the clot is formed).

What is the difference between vitamins and minerals?

Vitamins are organic compounds, meaning they contain carbon, and are essential micronutrients that the body needs in small amounts to function properly. They are vital for various metabolic processes, growth, and overall health. Since the body cannot synthesize most vitamins, they must be obtained through diet. Examples include Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and B vitamins. In contrast, minerals are inorganic elements that originate from the earth and are absorbed by plants or consumed by animals. Like vitamins, minerals are also essential micronutrients, playing crucial roles in bodily functions such as bone formation, nerve transmission, fluid balance, and enzyme activity. Examples include calcium, iron, potassium, and zinc. The primary difference lies in their chemical nature: vitamins are organic and more complex, while minerals are inorganic, simpler elements.

In a hydra, digestion is completed in

both extracellular in the gastrovascular cavity and completed intracellularly within gastrodermal cells.

Peristalsis

a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. These involuntary contractions occur in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, pushing the food bolus or chyme forward. It is a vital process for digestion, ensuring that nutrients are properly processed and absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal system.

Function of Epiglottis

covers the windpipe during swallowing, preventing food and liquid from entering the lungs.

What secretions of the parietal cells do upon activation by stomach acidity?

secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl), establishing the stomach's acidic environment.

Name the molecule which converts pepsinogen to the active from in the stomach

The molecule that converts pepsinogen to its active form, pepsin, in the stomach is

hydrochloric acid (HCl). 

Which benefits do intestinal bacteria gain living in a mutualistic relationship with an animal?

they receive a constant and readily available source of nutrients from the host's undigested food

Know the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals.

Vena cava -> Right atrium -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary vein -> Left atrium -> Left ventricle -> Aorta -> Body

Be able to calculate the cardiac output of a patient

Cardiac Output (CO) = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)

Suppose an individual has damage to the SA node. What does this abnormality most likely result in.

sinus bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate) or sinus arrest (cessation of normal pacemaker activity)

Define electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

a test that measures and records the electrical activity of the heart. It helps doctors assess heart function by showing how electrical impulses travel through the heart muscle, potentially revealing abnormalities in rhythm, rate, or other heart conditions. 

State the normal process of the blood clotting.

also known as hemostasis, involves a series of complex interactions between blood vessel walls, platelets, and clotting factors to stop bleeding. It begins with blood vessel constriction to reduce blood flow, followed by platelet plug formation, and finally, the coagulation cascade, which strengthens the clot with fibrin and seals the wound. 

Erythropoietin

a hormone primarily produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow. It's crucial for maintaining a healthy level of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body.

Why does some premature infants suffer serious respiratory failure?

underdeveloped lungs and a lack of surfactant, a substance that helps keep the air sacs (alveoli) open.

Know the correct flow of air into the lung of a mammal.

Nasal cavity/Mouth → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli.

Which organ includes endocrine and exocrine tissues?

pancreas

Name two main systems for communication and control in most animals?

the nervous system and the endocrine system

Define positive. Is a nursing baby an example of positive?

a nursing baby can be considered a positive example due to the numerous physical and emotional benefits it provides to both the baby and the mother, as well as the biological processes involved in breastfeeding that are driven by a positive feedback loop. 

Give an example of a pair of antagonistic hormones that regulate homeostasis.

insulin and glucagon