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vertebral level of hyoid bone

C3

vertebral level of thyroid cartilage

C4-5

vertebral level of cricoid cartilage

C6

vertebral level of suprasternal notch

T2-3

vertebral level of carina

T4/5

vertebral level of xiphoid

T9-10

vertebral level of umbilicus

L3-4

vertebral level of iliac crest

L5

the protuberance in the occipital bone at the posterior and inferior portion of the skull

inion, aka EOP (external occipital protuberance)

the divot where the nose meets the forehead

nasion

the angle of the mandible

gonion

vertebral level where the spinal cord ends

L1-2

vertebral level where descending aorta bifurcates into left and right common iliac arteries

L4

TD 5/5 of kidney

2300

clinical nephritis

TD 5/5 of bladder

6500

symptomatic bladder contracture and volume loss

TD 5/5 of femoral head

5200

necrosis

TD 5/5 of T-M Joint Mandible

6000

marked limitation of joint function

TD 5/5 of rib cage

5000

pathologic fracture

TD 5/5 of skin

5500

telengiectasia, necrosis, ulceration

TD 5/5 of brain

4500

necrosis, infarction

TD 5/5 of brain stem

5000

necrosis, infarction

TD 5/5 of optic nerve I-II and chiasma

5000

blindness

TD 5/5 of spinal cord

4700, often treated as 4500

myelitis necrosis

TD 5/5 of cauda equina

6000

clinically apparent nerve damage

TD 5/5 of brachial plexus

6000

clinically apparent nerve damage

TD 5/5 of eye lens I-II

1000

cataract requiring intervention

TD 5/5 of eye retina I-II

4500

blindness

TD 5/5 of ear mid/external

3000 -acute serous otitis

5500 - chronic serous otitis

TD 5/5 of parotid I-II

3200

xerostomia

TD 5/5 of larynx

4500 - laryngeal edema

7000 - cartilage necrosis

TD 5/5 of lung

1750

pneumonitis

TD 5/5 of heart

4000

pericarditis

TD 5/5 of esophagus

5500

clinical stricture/perforation

TD 5/5 of stomach

5000

ulceration, perforation

TD 5/5 of small intestine

4000

obstruction, perforation/fistula

TD 5/5 of colon

4500

obstruction, perforation/fistula

TD 5/5 of rectum

6000

severe proctitis/necrosis/fistula, stenosis

TD 5/5 of liver

3000

liver failure

Dmax of orthovoltage x-rays

0 cm

Dmax of superficial x-rays

0 cm

Dmax of Cobalt-60 beams

0.5 cm

Dmax of a 4 MV photon beam

1.0 cm

Dmax of a 6 MV photon beam

1.5 cm

Dmax of a 10 MV photon beam

2.5 cm

Dmax of a 15 MV photon beam

3.0 cm

Dmax of a 20 MV photon beam

3.5 cm

Dmax of a 25 MV photon beam

5.0 cm

Hounsfield Unit/CT number of water, air, and bone

water = 0

bone = 1000

air = -1000

average effective energy of the gamma rays emitted by Cobalt 60

1.25 MeV

half-life of Cobalt 60

5.26 years

gas used to pressurize the waveguide in a linac to prevent electrical breakdown

sulfur hexafluoride, SF6

the kV and MV imaging on a modern linac are examples of what kind of radiography?

digital radiography

why do the kV imagers give better image contrast than the MV imager?

because kV is a lower energy range, meaning more photoelectric effect (instead of Compton effect) which leads to less scatter and less fog. better contrast image.

type of crystals inside of TLDs

lithium fluoride (LiF)

what is the SI unit for absorbed dose of radiation?

Gy

metastatic sites for lung cancer

liver, adrenal glands, bone, brain

metastatic sites for breast cancer

lung, bone, brain

metastatic sites for stomach cancer

liver

metastatic sites for anal cancer

liver, lung

metastatic sites for bladder cancer

lung, bone, liver

metastatic sites for prostate cancer

bone, liver, lung

metastatic sites for cervical cancer

lung, bone, liver

old and SI units for radioactivity

old: curie (Ci)

new: becquerel (Bq)

1 Ci = 3.7 × 10^10 Bq

1 Bq = 1 dps

old and SI units for radiation exposure

old: roentgen (R)

SI: Coulomb/kg (C/kg)

1 R = 2.58 × 10^-4 C/kg

old and SI units for absorbed dose

old: rad (100 erg/g)

SI: Gray (Gy) (1 J/kg)

conversion between rad and Gray

1 rad = 0.01 Gy

1 Gy = 100 rad

old and SI units for dose equivalent

old = rem (QF x rad)

SI = Sievert (SV) (QF x Gy)

conversion between rem and Sv

1 rem = 0.01 Sv

1 Sv = 100 rem

QF for photons and electrons

1

QF for protons

2

QF for neutrons

2.5-20 (depending on energy)

QF for alpha particles

20

types of alkylating agents

carboplatin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, decarbazine, melphalan

types of antimetabolites

gemcitabine, methotrexate, 5-FU, bleomycin, doxorubicin

types of hormonal agents

corticosteroids, dexamethasone, prednisone, hydrocortisone, antiandrogen/antiestrogen, flutamide, tamoxifen

types of nitrosoureas

carmustine, streptozocin

types of plant alkaloids

etoposide, paclitaxel (taxol), vincristine

examples of targeted therapy drugs

Gleevec (leukemia), Herceptin (breast cancer), Avastin, Keytruda, Neupogen, Erbitux

types of cancers treated with the targeted therapy drug Gleevec

CML, ALL, and GI cancers

types of cancers treated with the targeted therapy drug Herceptin

breast cancer with overexpression of HER2/neu protein (and GE adenocarcinoma with the same)

types of cancer treated with the targeted therapy drug Avastin

mainly breast. also cervical, colorectal, kidney, lung, ovarian.

types of cancer treated with the targeted therapy drug Neupogen

hematopoietic cells, cells of bone marrow

types of cancer treated with the targeted therapy drug Erbitux

H&N squamous cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer

occupational whole body radiation dose limit

50 mSv (5 rem) per year, or 10 mSv (1 rem) per year of age

occupational radiation dose limit for lens of eye

150 mSv (15 rem)

occupational radiation dose limit for skin, hands, and feet

500 mSv (50 rem) per year

occupational radiation dose limit to the embryo/fetus, monthly and for total gestation

0.5 mSv (0.05 rem) per month, 5 mSv (0.5 rem) total gestation

public radiation dose limit for the whole body per year

1 mSv (0.1 rem) per year

most common histology for oral cavity cancer

squamous cell carcinoma

most common histology for pharynx cancer

squamous cell carcinoma

most common histology for lung cancer

squamous cell carcinoma

most common histology (and quadrant) for breast cancer

infiltrating ductal carcinoma, upper outer quadrant

most common histology for colorectal cancer

adenocarcinoma

most common histology for anal cancer

squamous cell carcinoma

most common histology for cervical cancer

squamous cell carcinoma

most common histology for endometrial cancer

adenocarcinoma

most common histology for prostate cancer

adenocarcinoma

most common histology for primary brain cancer

astrocytoma

screening guidelines for breast cancer

annual mammograms starting at the age of 45, opportunity for annual screening between ages of 40-45

screening guidelines for cervical cancer

pap test every 3 years from 21-29

from 30-65, pap every 3 or HPV+pap every 5

after 66, if 3+ consecutive negative pap or 2+ consecutive negative pap/HPV, stop screening