Lecture 3: Organic Molecules

organic molecules contain ___ and ___

carbon and hydrogen

4 organic molecules needed for lifes processes

1. carbohydrates 2.protiens 3.nucleic acids 4.lipids

monomer

small building block molecules

polymer

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

monomers can be connected together though ___ synthesis to form a polymer

dehydration

polymers can be broken apart into free monomers through ___ reactions

hydrolysis

monomer=__sachcharides

mono

polymer=__saccharides

poly

perfix “ouse”

means carbs

another word for mono and disaccharides

sugars

monosaccharide

A monosaccharide is the simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar molecule, such as glucose or fructose

polysaccharide

A polysaccharide is a complex carbohydrate formed by long chains of monosaccharide units connected through glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides can serve various functions in living organisms, including energy storage (as in starch and glycogen) and structural support (as in cellulose in plant cell walls)

glycogen

Abundant in muscle and liver cells. Is one of two types (fat) of long term energy storage in animals and fungi

starch (polysaccharide)

main energy storage in plants. Most animals have enzymes that allow hydrolyzation of plant starch

Cellulose

major structural component of cell walls around plant cells

Chitin

structural role, exoskeleton and fungal cell walls are made of this

fiber

type of carbohydrate that the body cannot digest. It comes from plants and is essential for healthy digestion. Fiber can be classified into two types: soluble and insoluble. Soluble fiber dissolves in water and helps to lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels, while insoluble fiber adds bulk to the stool and aids in preventing constipation

glycogen: where and function

where: animals and fungi function: energy storage

Starch: where and function

where: plants function: energy storage

Cellulose: where and function

where: plants function: structure

chitin: where and function

where: animals and fungi function: structure

proteins

“workers” of cells, they do almost everything.

enzymes

are special proteins that speed up reactions

amino acids

monomer of proteins

dipeptide

A dipeptide is a type of peptide molecule that consists of two amino acids linked together by a single peptide bond. This bond is formed through a dehydration synthesis reaction, where a molecule of water is removed as the amino acids combine. Dipeptides serve as important intermediates in the metabolism and formation of proteins

polypeptide

long chain of amino acids

where do peptide bonds form between amino acids?

form between carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

every protein starts with a free ___ group and ends with a free ___ group (think of the puzzle piece)

amino group and carboxyl group

n terminus of a protein

is the end with a free amino group

c terminus of a protein

is the end with a the free carboxyl group, new amino acids can only be added to this c side

polypeptide

a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

protein

biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into specific dimensional structure

Primary Protein Structure

determined by DNA. Determined by peptide bonds. These are covalent bonds meaning they are very strong

Secondary Protein Structure

Local folding pattern. Created through weaker bonds

Tertiary Protein Structure

final folded form of a single polypeptide

Quaternary structure

all the polypeptides that make up the final protein complexed together

denaturation

Denaturation is a process in which proteins lose their native structure due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, often as a result of external stresses such as changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals. This structural alteration can lead to a loss of biological function, as the protein can no longer perform its intended role within the cell

nucleic acids

responsible for the storage expression, and transmission of genetic information (blueprint). Two types: DNA and RNA

phosphodiester bond

bond between 2 nucleotides

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

high-energy molecule that serves as the primary energy carrier in all living organisms. They are easily hydrolyzed bonds

carbohydrates: monomer, polymer, and bond name

monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glyosidic

proteins: monomer, polymer, and bond name

amino acids, polypeptide, peptide

nucleic acid: monomer, polymer, and bond name

nucleotides, nucleic acid (DNA/RNA), phosphodiester

Lipids

Group together because they are hydrophobic. Mostly consist of hydrocarbons, which form non polar covalent bonds. Includes fats, phospholipids, steroids’, and waxes. Most of them incorporate fatty acids.

fats (triglycerides)

major function of fats is energy storage. They are composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

saturated fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids are a type of fatty acid that contain no double bonds between the carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chain. This structure means that each carbon atom is 'saturated' with hydrogen atoms. Saturated fatty acids are typically solid at room temperature and are commonly found in animal fats (such as butter, lard, and tallow)

unsaturated fatty acids

fatty acid that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chain. This results in fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain compared to saturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature and are commonly found in plant oils (such as olive oil, canola oil, and sunflower oil) and fatty fish.

phospholipids

are amphipathic and create cell membranes