Chapter 16-17 Carbohydrates and Lipids Vocabulary Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering carbohydrates and lipids from the lecture notes.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose); basic building blocks of carbohydrates.

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates formed by linking two monosaccharides (e.g., maltose, sucrose, lactose).

Oligosaccharides

Carbohydrates composed of 3–10 monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates with more than 10 monosaccharides; storage (starch, glycogen) or structural (cellulose, chitin).

Aldose

Carbohydrate with an aldehyde group at carbon 1; e.g., glucose, galactose.

Ketose

Carbohydrate with a ketone group at carbon 2; e.g., fructose.

Triose

Three-carbon monosaccharide.

Tetrose

Four-carbon monosaccharide.

Pentose

Five-carbon monosaccharide.

Hexose

Six-carbon monosaccharide.

Aldohexose

Hexose with an aldehyde group (e.g., glucose, galactose).

Ketopentose

Pentose with a ketone group (e.g., ribulose).

Enediol intermediate

Intermediary form during aldose↔ketose interconversion in base; involves a C=C–OH bond.

Enantiomer

Non-superimposable mirror-image stereoisomer.

Diastereomer

Stereoisomer that is not a mirror image of another; not an enantiomer.

Meso structure

Compound with stereocenters and an internal plane of symmetry; overall achiral.

D vs. L system

Configuration relative to glyceraldehyde; D if the highest-numbered chiral center has OH on the right, L if on the left.

Alpha anomer

Cyclic sugar form where the anomeric OH is trans to the CH2OH group.

Beta anomer

Cyclic sugar form where the anomeric OH is cis to the CH2OH group.

Glyceraldehyde

Three-carbon aldose.

Glucose

Aldohexose; main blood sugar.

Fructose

Ketohexose; fruit sugar.

Galactose

Epimer of glucose at C-4.

Ribose

Five-carbon sugar in RNA.

Deoxyribose

Ribose lacking the 2'-OH group; sugar in DNA.

Maltose

Glucose + glucose (α-1,4 linkage).

Lactose

Glucose + galactose (β-1,4 linkage).

Sucrose

Glucose + fructose (α-1,β-2 linkage).

Amylose

Linear polymer of glucose linked by α-1,4 bonds.

Amylopectin

Branched glucose polymer with α-1,4 and α-1,6 linkages.

Glycogen

Highly branched glucose polymer; similar to amylopectin but more branched.

Cellulose

Linear β-1,4 glucose polymer; structural carbohydrate in plants.

Homopolysaccharide

Polysaccharide made of a single type of sugar (e.g., glycogen, cellulose).

Heteropolysaccharide

Polysaccharide made of more than one type of sugar (e.g., hyaluronic acid).

Four major lipid types:

Fatty acids, glycerides, nonglyceride lipids, complex lipids.

Fatty acids

Carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains; saturated or unsaturated.

Saturated fatty acids

No double bonds; typically solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated fatty acids

One or more double bonds; typically liquid at room temperature.

Cis double bonds

Cause a kink in the chain, lowering melting point.

Omega fatty acids

Named from the methyl end; ω-3 (e.g., linolenic) and ω-6 (e.g., linoleic) are essential examples.

Eicosanoids

Bioactive signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid (20:4); include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes.

Prostaglandins

Eicosanoids with a five-membered ring; regulate inflammation, pain, and other processes.

Thromboxanes

Eicosanoids involved in clotting and vascular constriction.

Leukotrienes

Eicosanoids involved in inflammation and allergy responses.

Glycerides

Mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides; glycerol esterified with one, two, or three fatty acids.

Esterification

Reaction forming an ester bond between fatty acids and glycerol.

Hydrogenation

Addition of H2 to C=C bonds; unsaturated fats become saturated.

Acid hydrolysis

Triglyceride + H2O → glycerol + fatty acids.

Saponification

Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of fats to glycerol and fatty acid salts (soap).

Phosphoglycerides

Glycerophospholipids containing a phosphate group.

Phosphatidate

Glycerol with two fatty acids and a phosphate group; precursor to phospholipids.

Phosphatidylcholine

Lecithin; a major membrane phospholipid.

Phosphatidylethanolamine

Cephalin; membrane phospholipid.

Phosphatidylserine

Membrane phospholipid that contains serine.

Nonglyceride lipids

Lipids without a glycerol backbone, including sphingolipids and steroids.

Sphingolipids

Lipids with a sphingosine backbone; include ceramide and derivatives.

Sphingosine

Long-chain amino alcohol backbone of many sphingolipids.

Ceramide

Sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.

Sphingomyelin

Ceramide with a phosphate group; a major membrane sphingolipid.

Glucocerebroside

Ceramide with glucose.

Galactocerebroside

Ceramide with galactose.

Steroids

Lipids with a four-ring steroid nucleus; function as hormones and membrane components.

Cholesterol

Steroid important for membrane fluidity and as a precursor to steroid hormones.

Waxes

Long-chain fatty acid plus long-chain alcohol; protective, waterproof, high melting point.

Complex lipids

Lipids that include non-lipid components such as proteins or carbohydrates.

Plasma lipoproteins

Particles for transport of lipids in blood: chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL.

Chylomicrons

Lowest-density lipoproteins; transport dietary fats from the intestine.

VLDL

Very low-density lipoprotein; transports triglycerides from liver.

LDL

Low-density lipoprotein; carries cholesterol to tissues; 'bad' cholesterol.

HDL

High-density lipoprotein; carries cholesterol to liver for disposal; 'good' cholesterol.

Endocytosis of LDL

LDL binds LDL receptor, is internalized; cholesterol is released inside the cell.

Density ranking of lipoproteins

Chylomicrons < VLDL < LDL < HDL in density.

Fluid mosaic model

Cell membrane model: lipids and proteins move laterally; dynamic.

Lipid bilayer

Two-layer arrangement of phospholipids forming membranes; includes cholesterol and proteins.

Peripheral proteins

Proteins loosely bound to the membrane surface.

Transmembrane proteins

Proteins that span the lipid bilayer.