BIO 169 Module 7 Part II: Physiology of the Endocrine System

A ___ stimulus triggers the release of hormones when altered levels of critical nutrients or ions are detected

humoral

A ___ stimulus uses nervous system input to trigger the release of hormones

neural

A ___ stimulus uses other hormones to trigger the release of hormones from a particular endocrine gland

hormonal

Abnormally high body heat production would be a result of ___

excessive secretion of the thyroid hormone

Addison’s disease is associated with hyposecretion of ____

aldosterone, cortisol

Adenylate cyclase is an enzyme that is important in the ___

cyclic AMP messenger system

Adipose tissue secretes ___

leptin

Catecholamines are involved in ___-term stress responses

short

Chemical signals that are locally acting and affect only nearby cells in a tissue are described as ___

paracrines

Chemicals that act as long-distance signals that travel through the blood or lymphatic fluid are known as ____

hormones

Chemicals that affect the cells that release them are defined as ___

autocrines

Chronic hyposecretion of ___ would result in ketoacidosis and high blood glucose

insulin

Characterizations of Cushing’s syndrome

increased blood pressure, increased fluid retention, increased blood glucose

Causes Cushing’s syndrome

hypersecretion of cortisol

Cyclic AMP and PIP2-Calcium are two signaling chemicals that belong to the ___

second messenger system

Causes diabetes insipidus

hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone

Glucocorticoids are involved in ___-term stress response

long

Graves’ disease is a pathology associated with ___

hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

Secretes growth hormone

anterior pituitary

Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disease of the ___

thyroid

Hypersecretion of ___ would result in hypertension and low blood potassium

aldosterone

Hypersecretion of ___ would result in increased basal metabolic rate, high blood glucose, and hypertension

catecholamines

In addition to simulating growth, growth hormone also controls ___

metabolism

In response to stimulation from growth hormone, the liver, skeletal muscles, and connective tissues will produce ___

insulin-like growth factors

Low basal metabolic rate, myxedema, and chills are side effects of ___

hyposecretion of thyroid hormone

Produces melatonin

pineal gland

Organs that are targets of the parathyroid hormone

kidneys, bones, small intestine

Phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that is needed for the breakdown of ___

cyclic AMP

Receptors for ___-based hormones are located inside of the cell

steroid

Receptors for ___-based hormones are located on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane

amino

Primary function of growth hormone

Stimulation of growth of the bones, skeletal muscles, cartilages, and other connective tissue

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland produce ___

calcitonin

Hormone released by the posterior pituitary

oxytocin

Primary target of adrenocorticotropic hormone

adrenal glands

Primary target of antidiuretic hormone

kidneys

Primary target of leptin

brain

Primary target of luteinizing hormone

gonads

Primary target of glucagon

liver

Primary target of insulin

most of the body’s cells

Primary target of prolactin

breast secretory tissue

Primary target ORGAN of leptin

brain

Stimulus for the secretion of calcitonin

elevated blood calcium

Stimulus for the secretion of parathyroid hormone

low blood calcium

Target of all the hypothalamic releasing hormones

anterior pituitary

The ___ pituitary is composed primarily of gland tissue

anterior

The ___ pituitary is composed primarily of nervous system tissue

posterior

___-based hormones alter cell function by activating second messenger systems

amino

___-based hormones alter cell function by direct gene activation mechanisms

steroid

___-based hormones can cross the plasma membrane

steroid

___-based hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane

amino

This hormone causes contraction of the uterus (if the stimulus is stretch of the uterus)

oxytocin

This hormone causes milk ejection (if the stimulus is suckling)

oxytocin

This hormone controls blood glucose

glucagon

This hormone controls long-term stress responses

cortisol

This hormone controls sleep cycles

melatonin

This hormone controls the production of red blood cells

erythropoietin

This hormone increases blood pressure

aldosterone

This hormone regulates sodium uptake by the kidney tubes

aldosterone

___ is the primary hormone that controls metabolic rate

thyroid hormone

Causes type 1 diabetes

hyposecretion of insulin

___ is amino acid-based but behaves like a steroid-based hormone

thyroid hormone

___ is critical in the proper formation of thyroid hormones

iodide

___ is the most potent/active variation of thyroid hormone

T3

Caused by hypersecretion of aldosterone

edema, hypertension, and decreased blood potassium levels

Hormone produced by adipose tissue

leptin

Produces and releases glucocorticoid hormones

zona fasciculata

Produces and releases mineralcorticoid hormones

zona glomerulosa

Specialized neurons of the adrenal medulla

chromaffin cells

Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla

catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

An increase in aldosterone secretion would increase ___ absorption into the blood

sodium

An increase in aldosterone secretion would decrease ___ absorption into the blood

potassium

Targets of atrial natriuretic peptide

kidneys

The presence of fatty chyme in the small intestine is the stimulus for release of ___

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A cell must have ___ for a hormone in order to be controlled by it

receptors

Primary target of erythropoietin

red bone marrow

An increase in the concentration of erythropoietin would stimulate an ___ in the production of red blood cells

increase

Primary glucocorticoid hormone in humans

cortisol

Hormone produced by the testes

testosterone

Hormones produced by the ovaries

estrogen and progesterone

Primary mineralcorticoid hormone in humans

aldosterone

Pancreatic cells that produce insulin

beta cells

Pancreatic cells that produce glucagon

alpha cells

Primary target of glucagon

liver

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a result of ___ insulin

hyposecretion

Hormone produced by the pineal gland

melatonin

Hormone produced by the placenta

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Endocrine gland that atrophies with age

thymus