Philosophy 1000 - Exam 1 - Mizzou

Who wrote the ontological argument for God?

Anselm

Does God exist in the mind alone? (according to Anselm)

No

True or false: If X exists in the mind alone, then X is perfect.

false

What is the second argument of Anselm about?

God cannot be thought not to exist.

What is the first of Aquinas’s 5 Ways about?

There has to be something/someone that set everything into motion (God)

What is the second of Aquinas’s 5 Ways about?

There had to be someone/something that was the first cause (God)

What is the third of Aquinas’s 5 Ways about?

If everything only has the potential to exist, nothing would exist. Therefore, something had to initiate existence because of necessity.

What is the fourth of Aquinas’s 5 Ways about?

maximum goodness/perfectness has to exist. This being is God.

What is the fifth of Aquinas’s 5 Ways about?

Some natural things without intelligence work towards an end, working towards an end requires intelligence, intelligence must be supplied by another: God.

What is Paley’s argument called?

Argument by design

True or False: Paley’s argument is an argument of analogy.

False

What is the basis of Paley’s argument?

If watches exist, they are complicated by design, just like living things, meaning both a watch and living things should have an intelligent creator, that is God.

What is the main weakness to Paley’s argument?

The concept of infinity

Who is the most modern philosopher that we have talked about this Unit?

Roger White

What is Roger White’s argument called?

Fine-tuning Argument

What is the fine-tuning argument based on?

The “best” explanation for things

Who wrote the argument for the “problem of evil”?

Luise Antony

What is the basis of Luise Antony’s argument?

No morally good being would fail to prevent suffering if he or she were able to prevent it, unless he or she had a good reason to permit it. An omnipotent being would always be able to prevent suffering

Is Luise Antony’s argument against on theism or atheism?

theism

What is the second, “logical” part of Luise Antony’s argument?

Argument from suffering

What is the premise that weakens Luise Antony’s argument the most?

there is no good reason that a morally good, omnipotent being could have to allow suffering

Is Pascal trying to prove God, disprove God, or neither?

neither

As you add more religions to Pascal’s wager, what happens to (insert any religion)?

the upsides get smaller and downsides get bigger

what is a deductive argument?

truth preserving (if premises are true, the conclusion is absolutely true)

what is an inductive argument?

not truth preserving (even if the premises are true, the conclusion can still be false)

what are the two words used to validate deductive arguments?

validity + soundness

what are the two words used to validate inductive arguments?

strength and cogency

what is metaphysics?

every aspect of reality

what is epistemology?

how we know (knowledge)

what is greater: something that exists in reality, in the mind, or both?

both

what would happen to Paley’s argument if watches could reproduce themselves?

Paley’s argument would NOT be invalidated

It is better to view Paley’s argument as a…

Inference to the best explanation

true or false: If a watch does not work, it means it was not created by someone

false

accord to Paley: _____ is absurd?

atheism

Can the argument for cosmological fine-tuning be made in more than one way?

yes

What God is Antony’s argument directed against?

God of Abrahamic religions

Which philosopher or philosophers does Antony discuss when explaining the Logical Argument from Suffering?

Hume and Epicurus

The two brothers in conversation in the excerpt are…

Ivan and Alyosha

Who presses the problem of evil? (in the story)

Ivan

(Antony’s Argument) The novel from which the excerpt is taken was written by…

Dostoevsky