Unit 2

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

Support, storage of minerals/lipids, blood cell production, protection, leverage

What mineral is heavily stored in bone?

Calcium and phosphorus

Where are blood cells produced?

Red bone marrow

What type of bone is the patella?

Sesamoid bone

What type of bone are carpals and tarsals?

Short bones

What type of bone are vertebrae?

Irregular bones

What type of bone are ribs and sternum?

Flat bones

What type of bone are femur and humerus?

Long bones

What is the shaft of a bone called?

Diaphysis

What is the expanded end of a bone called?

Epiphysis

What connects epiphysis and diaphysis?

Metaphysis

What is the central cavity of a bone called?

Medullary cavity

What is the functional unit of compact bone?

Osteon

What structure contains osteocytes?

Lacunae

What connects lacunae to the central canal?

Canaliculi

What carries blood through the osteon?

Central canal

What type of bone marrow stores fat?

Yellow bone marrow

What type of bone marrow produces blood cells?

Red bone marrow

What are the mesh-like structures in spongy bone called?

Trabeculae

What are mature bone cells called?

Osteocytes

What cells build bone?

Osteoblasts

What cells break down bone?

Osteoclasts

What stem cells produce osteoblasts?

Osteoprogenitor cells

What surrounds bone externally?

Periosteum

What lines the medullary cavity?

Endosteum

What are Sharpey's fibers?

Perforating collagen fibers associated with periosteum

What is ossification?

Bone formation

What are the two types of ossification?

Endochondral and intramembranous ossification

Most bones form through what process?

Endochondral ossification

What remains between epiphysis and diaphysis during growth?

Epiphyseal plate

What does the epiphyseal line indicate?

Closure of the growth plate

What type of tissue model do most bones begin as?

Hyaline cartilage

What is appositional growth?

Increase in bone diameter

What are joints called anatomically?

Articulations

What is a synarthrosis joint?

Immovable joint

What is an amphiarthrosis joint?

Slightly movable joint

What is a diarthrosis joint?

Freely movable joint

What are freely movable joints usually called?

Synovial joints

What lubricates synovial joints?

Synovial fluid

What covers articulating bone surfaces?

Articular cartilage

What are bursae?

Synovial fluid-filled pockets

What are menisci?

Fibrocartilage pads in synovial joints

What type of movement decreases joint angle?

Flexion

What type of movement increases joint angle?

Extension

Movement toward body midline?

Adduction

Movement away from body midline?

Abduction

What is circumduction?

Circular/conical movement

Rotation toward the body's center?

Medial/internal rotation

Rotation away from the body's center?

Lateral/external rotation

What is pronation?

Radius rotates over ulna

What is supination?

Forearm returns to anatomical position

Turning sole inward?

Inversion

Turning sole outward?

Eversion

Lifting toes upward?

Dorsiflexion

Pointing toes downward?

Plantar flexion

Thumb to fingers movement?

Opposition

Opposite of opposition?

Reposition

Moving forward in horizontal plane?

Protraction

Moving backward in horizontal plane?

Retraction

Inferior movement?

Depression

Superior movement?

Elevation

What type of joint is the shoulder?

Ball-and-socket diarthrosis

Another name for shoulder joint?

Glenohumeral joint

What stabilizes the shoulder joint?

Rotator cuff

What muscles make up the rotator cuff?

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

What type of joint is the elbow?

Hinge joint

What stabilizes the elbow medially and laterally?

Ulnar and radial collateral ligaments

What ligament holds the radial head to ulna?

Annular ligament

What type of joint is the hip?

Ball-and-socket diarthrosis

Another name for hip joint?

Coxal joint

What structure deepens the acetabulum?

Acetabular labrum

What stabilizes the knee internally?

ACL and PCL

What connects patella to tibia?

Patellar ligament

What are the 2 parts of the skeleton?

Axial and appendicular skeleton

What does the axial skeleton include?

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

Limbs and girdles

How many cranial bones are there?

8

How many facial bones are there?

14

What are sutures?

Immovable joints between skull bones

What are sinuses?

Air-filled chambers in skull bones

What large opening is in the occipital bone?

Foramen magnum

What articulates with the atlas?

Occipital condyles

What bone contains the sella turcica?

Sphenoid bone

What sits inside the hypophyseal fossa?

Pituitary gland

What bone contains the cribriform plate?

Ethmoid bone

What passes through olfactory foramina?

Olfactory nerves

What forms the upper jaw?

Maxillae

What supports lower teeth?

Mandible

What forms the TMJ with temporal bone?

Condylar process

What forms the bridge of the nose?

Nasal bones

What forms the inferior nasal septum?

Vomer

What creates air turbulence in nasal cavity?

Inferior nasal conchae

What are the first 2 cervical vertebrae?

Atlas and axis

What movement occurs between occiput and atlas?

"Yes" movement

What movement occurs between atlas and axis?

"No" movement

What feature is unique to thoracic vertebrae?

Costal facets

How many lumbar vertebrae exist?

5

What fused bone protects pelvic organs?

Sacrum

What is the tailbone called?

Coccyx

What are ribs 1-7 called?

True ribs