AP Language and Composition Term Set 2

Concession

Agreeing with the opposing viewpoint on a certain smaller point (but not in the larger argument).

EX: "While I admit that hybrid cars have higher carbon production costs than conventional automobiles, this is dramatically offset by the much-smaller lifetime carbon footprint of the vehicles."

Connotation

The implied meaning of a word.

EX: conscientious = positive connotation, fussy = negative connotation

Context

The set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event, situation, etc.

EX: If I am delivering a congratulatory speech to awards recipients, the immediate context might be the awards presentation ceremony; the broader context might be the purpose or significance of the awards themselves.

Conventions

The rules of writing that govern how to communicate clearly and consistently (grammar, punctuation, spelling, sentence structure, organization, transitions, etc.).

EX: Effective writing hinges on the careful application of conventions, which significantly enhance clarity, engagement, and overall effectiveness. For instance, precise grammar and punctuation help convey meaning without ambiguity, allowing readers to grasp complex ideas quickly. Consider the use of varied sentence structures: short, impactful sentences can emphasize key points, while longer, more complex sentences can explore nuanced arguments. Additionally, employing transitional phrases, such as "for example" or "in contrast," guides readers smoothly from one idea to the next, reinforcing the logical flow of the text. Clear organization, with distinct paragraphs dedicated to specific ideas, aids comprehension and keeps the reader engaged.

Counterargument

The argument(s) against the author's position.

EX: If I want to eliminate the dress code, a counter argument might be that this will place a burden on students of a lower socioeconomic status, who must now afford an entire school wardrobe or risk unwanted attention.

Credibility

The quality of being believable or worthy of trust.

EX: The overwhelming consensus among climate scientists is that human activities are significantly contributing to climate change. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is composed of thousands of scientists from around the world, there is a 95% probability that human-induced emissions are the primary driver of global warming (IPCC, 2021). This credibility is critical; the IPCC is regarded as the authoritative body in climate science, and its reports undergo rigorous peer review.

Deductive reasoning

A form of logical reasoning wherein a general principle is applied to a specific case.

EX: If all planets orbit a star, and Theta II is a planet, then it must orbit a star.

Denotation

The literal, dictionary-definition meaning of a word.

EX: The denotation of "chair" is "a place to sit."

Diction

Word choice.

EX: You might say "What's up, loser?" to your little brother, but you would probably say "How are you doing today?" to your principal.

Didactic

A text with an instructive purpose, often moral.

EX: Aesop's fables are an example of a didactic work.