Membrane Proteins and Their Functions

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22 Terms

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Peripheral membrane proteins

One of the three main types of membrane proteins found in the plasma membrane.

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Integral membrane proteins

One of the three main types of membrane proteins found in the plasma membrane.

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Lipid-anchored proteins

One of the three main types of membrane proteins found in the plasma membrane.

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Channel protein

An integral protein that spans the membrane and allows specific substances to pass through it.

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Glycoprotein

A protein with carbohydrate chains attached, often involved in cell-cell recognition.

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Cytoskeleton

Provides structure, shape, and anchors membrane proteins.

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Micelle

A small spherical structure with a hydrophobic core formed by single-layered lipids used in hydrophobic molecule transport.

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Vesicle

A double-layered lipid sac with a hydrophilic center used for transporting substances; it can acidify its contents using ATPase H+.

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Differences between micelles and vesicles

Micelle: single lipid layer, hydrophobic center, smaller. Vesicle: double lipid layer, hydrophilic center, larger, capable of pH regulation.

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Phosphoglyceride structure

A glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails (nonpolar), and a phosphate-containing polar head group.

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Functions of glycerophospholipids

Provide membrane stability, fluidity, permeability, and serve as reservoirs for signaling molecules.

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Cholesterol's role in plasma membrane

Regulates membrane fluidity and helps maintain structural integrity.

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Integral membrane protein structure

An extracellular receptor, a hydrophobic transmembrane region (often α-helices or β-barrels), and an intracellular domain that initiates signaling pathways.

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Signal transmission by integral membrane proteins

A ligand binds the receptor, causing a conformational change that activates kinase activity on the intracellular domain.

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Common secondary structures in membrane proteins

α-helices, α-helical bundles, and β-barrels.

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Anchoring of peripheral membrane proteins

Through acylation (covalent bonding), prenylation (via cysteine residues), or a GPI anchor.

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Blood type distinction at molecular level

Know that blood types are distinguished by diverse carbohydrate structures.

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Stabilizing membrane-bound proteins in lab

By using non-ionic detergents, lipid mimics, controlling temperature, adding protease inhibitors, optimizing buffers, and minimizing time outside their native membrane.

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Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC)

The concentration at which detergents form micelles; below 0.2 this, membrane proteins may denature.

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Function of flippase

Moves phospholipids from one leaflet of the bilayer to the other, typically from the cytosolic side to the lumen.

  • Flippases are proteins that facilitate the movement of phospholipids between the two layers (leaflets) of a cell membrane

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Lipid raft

If you have a plasma membrane and a couple of proteins and they are close together and some interaction happen 

Lipid rafts are dynamic assemblies of proteins and lipids that float freely within the liquid-disordered bilayer of cellular membranes.

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Cholesterol transport within cells

By vesicles or micelles, specific cholesterol transport proteins, and HDL/LDL carriers (with HDL being the safer, non-inflammatory option).