FFM1 Mini 2

Confounding

Distortion of the true exposure‑outcome association caused by a third variable related to both.

Strength of observational studies – real‑world applicability

They assess exposures in natural settings, enhancing external validity.

which observational study design for rare disease investigation

Case‑control designs efficiently gather enough cases when diseases are uncommon.

Cohort study definition

An observational study where a group of exposed and unexposed individuals are followed over time to see who develops the outcome.

Cohort study measure of association

Correlates primarily to Relative risk, as it allows for the direct calculation of incidence.

Case-control study definition

An observational study that compares individuals who have a specific disease (cases) with individuals who do not (controls) to examine past exposures.

Case-control study measure of association

Correlates to the Odds Ratio, because incidence cannot be directly calculated since the investigator selects the number of cases and controls.

Cross-sectional study definition

An observational study that measures exposure and outcome simultaneously in a population at a single point in time.

Cross-sectional study measure of association

Correlates to the Prevalence Odds Ratio or Prevalence Ratio.

eIF4E

Binds the 5′ cap of mRNA { Rate-limiting factor for cap-dependent translation; frequently overexpressed in many cancers

eIF4G

Scaffold protein that bridges eIF4E, eIF4A, and the 40S ribosomal subunit { Contains binding sites for eIF3 and PABP (poly-A binding protein)

eIF4A

ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds secondary structures in the 5′ UTR { Facilitates ribosomal scanning to the start codon

eIF2

Delivers initiator Met-tRNAᵢ to the 40S subunit as the eIF2·GTP·Met-tRNAᵢ complex { Phosphorylation of eIF2α inhibits global translation during the integrated stress response

eIF3

Large multi-subunit complex that binds the 40S ribosomal subunit and eIF4G { Essential for pre-initiation complex stability and assembly

eIF5

GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for eIF2 { Promotes GTP hydrolysis after start-codon recognition

eIF5B

GTP-dependent factor that promotes 60S ribosomal subunit joining { Eukaryotic homolog of bacterial IF2; required for formation of the 80S initiation complex

eEF1A

Delivers aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the A site of the ribosome in a GTP-dependent manner { Phosphorylation can regulate its activity

eEF1B

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for eEF1A that recycles eEF1A·GDP to eEF1A·GTP { Functions as a multi-subunit complex

eEF2

Catalyzes ribosomal translocation during elongation in a GTP-dependent manner { Target of diphtheria toxin; ADP-ribosylation prevents GTP binding and inhibits protein synthesis