Review Chapter 8-9

Embryology

The study of the formation and development of an embryo and fetus.

Histology

The study of the structure and function of tissue on a microscopic level.

Prenatal development

The process of growth and development within the womb before birth.

Conception

The fusion of the male sperm and female ovum.

Germinal period

The first two weeks of prenatal development, during which a fertilized egg or zygote is formed.

Embryonic period

The period from the third week to the eighth week of prenatal development, critical for the development of major body structures.

Fetal period

The stage of prenatal development that continues from the ninth week until birth.

Ectoderm

The outer embryonic layer that develops into skin, brain, spinal cord, and enamel of teeth.

Mesoderm

The middle embryonic layer that develops into bone, muscle, reproductive system, and parts of teeth.

Endoderm

The inner embryonic layer that develops into the lining of the digestive system, lungs, and parts of the urogenital system.

Stomodeum

The primitive mouth that forms during the fourth week of prenatal development.

First branchial arch

Also known as Meckel’s cartilage, it forms the future mandibular arch and structures of the face.

Second branchial arch

Also known as the hyoid arch, it forms the styloid process, stapes of the ear, and part of the hyoid bone.

Third branchial arch

Forms the body of the hyoid and the posterior tongue.

Primary palate

The first stage of palate formation that begins in the fifth week of prenatal development.

Secondary palate

The second stage of palate formation that occurs after the primary palate.

Odontogenesis

The process of tooth development, starting with primary teeth.

Succedaneous teeth

Permanent teeth that develop around 10 weeks of prenatal development.

Initiation stage

The first stage of tooth development, starting with the formation of dental lamina.

Bud stage

The second stage of tooth development, marking the beginning of each tooth's development.

Cap stage

The third stage of tooth development, where tooth cells grow and increase in number.

Bell stage

The final stage of tooth development, where cells differentiate and become specialized.

Genetic factor

Heredity transmitted from parents to children through genes, influencing oral conditions.

Congenital factors

Environmental anomalies, including teratogens like infections, drugs, and radiation during pregnancy.

Dental developmental disturbances

Conditions such as anodontia, concrescence, and dens in dente.

Deposition

The process of laying down new bone.

Resorption

The process of removing bone.

Osteoblast

Cells responsible for new bone formation.

Osteoclast

Cells that resorb (remove) bone.

Eruption

The process by which teeth move into the oral cavity.

Shedding

The normal process of losing primary teeth as permanent teeth develop.

Anatomical crown

The portion of the tooth covered with enamel.

Clinical crown

The portion of the tooth visible in the mouth.

Enamel

The hardest material in the body that covers the anatomical crown of the tooth.

Dentin

The hard portion of the tooth root that surrounds the pulp and is covered by enamel and cementum.

Primary dentin

Dentin formed before eruption, making up the bulk of the tooth.

Secondary dentin

Dentin that begins forming after eruption at a slow rate.

Tertiary dentin

Also known as reparative dentin, it forms in response to irritation.

Cementum

A bonelike tissue covering the root of the tooth.

Pulp

The innermost part of the tooth, containing blood vessels and nerves.

Periodontium

The supporting structure for teeth.

Alveolar bone

The bone that contains the tooth socket.

Lamina dura

The thin, compact bone lining the alveolar socket.

Periodontal ligament

Connective tissue that connects the cementum to the alveolar bone.

Oral mucosa

The tissue lining the oral cavity.

Lining mucosa

Covers the inside of the cheeks, lips, and soft palate.

Masticatory mucosa

A rubbery surface texture covering the attached gingiva and hard palate.

Cranial bones

The eight bones that protect the brain, including the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal bones.

Mandible

The lower jaw, the only movable bone of the skull.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

The joint allowing movement of the mandible.

Mastication

The process of chewing.

Trigeminal nerve

The primary source of innervation for the oral cavity.

what are the three primary embryonic lares?

Front: What are the three primary embryonic layers?

Back: These layers develop during the early stages of embryonic development and are essential for forming different tissues and organs. They include:

1. Ectoderm - Forms the outer layer, developing into skin and nervous system.

2. Mesoderm - The middle layer, giving rise to muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.

3. Endoderm - The innermost layer, which develops into the digestive tract and internal organs.

the palate is formed in the three consectutive stages. what are they?

1. Primary palate formation (fusion of medial nasal processes)

2. Secondary palate formation (fusion of maxillary processes)

3. Fusion of the palate (fusion of palatine shelves)

what are the first four stages taking place in utero?

(1) initiation stage, (2) bud stage, (3) cap stage, (4) bell stage

dentin is produced in three major types. what are these types?

Front: What are the three major types of dentin produced?

Back: 1. Primary Dentin - Formed during tooth development; makes up the bulk of the tooth.2. Secondary Dentin - Develops after tooth eruption; continues to form slowly throughout life.3. Tertiary Dentin (or Reparative Dentin) - Produced in response to injury or stimuli; forms as a protective measure.

what are the three main tupes of oral mucosa?

Front:What are the three main types of oral mucosa?

Back:

1. Lining Mucosa: Soft, flexible tissue found in areas like the cheeks and lips; allows for movement and expansion.

2. Masticatory Mucosa (mastification): Tough, keratinized tissue found on the gums and hard palate; provides protection during chewing.

3. Specialized Mucosa: Contains taste buds; located on the dorsum of the tongue, involved in the sense of taste.

what are the 11 region of the head?

Flashcard Front:Regions of the Head

Flashcard Back:

1. Frontal

2. Temporal

3. Parietal

4. Occipital

5. Zygomatic

6. Nasal

7. Buccal

8. Oral

9. Mental

10. Infraorbital

11. Orbital

the human skull is divided into two sections. what are these sections?

cranium and the face

what are the eight bones of cranium?

Front: What are the eight bones that make up the protective structure of the brain?

Back: The eight bones are: frontal, parietal (2), temporal (1), occipital, (2) temporal

mandible is held in position by?

the muscle of mastification

the TMJ performs two basic types of movements. what are they?

Front: Two basic types of movements of a specific joint in the jaw.

Back: This joint performs hinge movements, allowing the jaw to open and close, and gliding movements, enabling the jaw to move forward, backward, and side to side.

Von Ebner’s salivary gland is associated with the ____________ on the tongue.

circumvallate lingual papillae

The palate is then completed during the twelfth week within the ______ period.

fetal

Foramen

a natural opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

Fossa

a hollow, grooved, or depressed are in a bone

Process

a prominence or projection on a bone

Tuberosity

large, rounded process on a bone

Two zygomatic bone-

malar bones) form the prominence of the cheek and the lateral wall and floor orbit.

Frontal process

of the zygomatic bone extends upward to articulate with the frontal bone at the outer edge of the orbit

Two maxillary bones

also known as the maxillae (singular, maxilla), form the upper jaw and part of the hard palate.

Mental protuberance

commonly known as the chin.

Mental foramen

is located on the facial surface on the left and right between the apices of the first and second mandibular premolars.

Glenoid fossa

which is lined with fibrous connective tissue, oval depression in the temporal bone just anterior to the external auditory meatus.

Articular eminence

is a raised portion of the temporal bone just anterior to the glenoid fossa

Condyloid process

of the mandible lies in the glenoid fossa

Articular space

the area between the capsular ligament and the surfaces of the glenoid fossa and condyle.

Minor salivary glands

smaller and more numerous than the major salivary glands

Major salivary glands

the three large paired salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

Parotid salivary gland

the largest of the major salivary glands. Located in an area just below and in front of the ear.

Parotid duct

also known as Stensen’s duct

Submandibular salivary gland

the second largest salivary gland.

Submandibular duct

also known as Wharton’s duct

Sublingual salivary gland

the smallest of the three major salivary glands

Sublingual duct

also known as Bartholin’s duct

Cranial nerves

are twelve pairs connected to the brain

Trigeminal nerve

is the primary source of innervation for the oral cavity.

Lymph nodes

are small round or oval structures that are located in lymph vessels.

Lymphadenopathy

infection or cancer in a region, the lymph nodes in that region will respond by increasing in size and becoming very firm and change in size