Savannah Lab Practical

What are the components of an enzyme reaction (equation)?

Enzyme + Substrate → Substrate Complex → Products

What is an enzyme

Cataylst that speeds up a reaction

What is a substrate

Molecule enzyme acts on, binds to active site of enzyme

Do enzymes require an optimal PH for function?

Yes, enzymes require an optimal pH to function

3 things that cause enzymes to denature

ph, chemicals, temperature

how do you determine the optimum pH for an enzyme

Test the enzyme activity at various pH levels and graph the results

Can an enzyme be used multiple times

yes, reusable catalysts.

Can a substrate be used multple times 

Yes, a substrate can be reused if sterilized to remove pathogens,

What is feedback inhibition

a regulatory mechanism which inhibits the enzyme's activity and prevents the overproduction of that product

What is the cell cycle

a sequence of ordered events that a cell goes through to grow and divide

What are the stages of the cell cycle

interphase (G1,S,G2)

and mitotic (M) phase.

What happens in G1

Cell growth

What happens in S phase

DNA replication

What happens in G2

The cell prepares for mitosis

What happens in prophase

chromsomes form, the nuclear envelope breaks down

what happens in metaphase

The chromosomes align at the cell's equator, forming the metaphase plate

what happens in anaphase

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, ensuring each new daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes

What happens in telophase

Nuclear envelope reforms, spindle fibers break down

What happens in cytokinesis?

divides the cytoplasm into two separate daughter

How many divisions occur in mitosis

1

Mitosis starts with 1 ____cell and ends with 2 ___ cell

diploid

Mitosis in cells

What stage is this

prophase

What stage is this

Anaphase

What stage is this 

metaphase

What happens in prophase 1 

homologous chromosomes pair up and condense, forming tetrads

What happens in metaphase 1

homologous chromosome pairs (tetrads) line up along the metaphase plate

What happens in anaphase 1

tetrads while the sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres

What part of the cell cycle dose crossing over occur in?

prophase 1

what happens in telophase 1

The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell, nuclear membrane reform around chromosomes.

What happens in cytokenesis 1

cytoplasm divides to form two haploid daughter cells

How many daughter cells are created after meiosis 1? And what kind of cells are they

2, haploid

What happens in prophase 2

forming a new spindle and breaking down the nuclear envelope

What happens in Metaphase 2

chromosomes align the metaphase plate) in the two haploid cells from meiosis

What happens in anaphase 2

the sister chromatids of each chromosome are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers

What happens in telophase 2

nuclear envelopes reform around the chromosomes, chromosomes decondense back into chromatin, and the spindle fibers disappear

What happens in cytokenesis

division of the cytoplasm

How many daughter cells are created after meiosis 2 

4 unique daughter cells

Are the daughter cells from meiosis 1 diploid or haploid

haploid

What are being created from meiosis 2

four genetically distinct haploid cells

Male gamete

sperm

female gamete

egg/ovum

Each organism has half genes from each parent

What does Domiant AA mean

The trait is expressed

What does recessive aa mean

The trait requires to copies to be expressed

2 examples of homozygous

AA,aa

Heterozygous example

Aa

Does an organism express a dominant trait or recessive trait if they are heterozygous

Dominant trait

What is the most major pigment in photosynthesis

chlorophyll

Why do plants appear green

green lights reflected, violet and blue light absorbed

Where does photosynthesis occour

chloro[last in plants

steps of light-dependent reactions

PS2: Electrons move into ETC, creating NADPH. Proton motive force forms ATP

O₂ goes into air, created ATP, NADPH, and oxygen

What happens in the calvin cycle

CO₂, atp, nadph create carbs

Products of the calvin cycle

nadph, atp carbs, glucose

In the lab experiment, what happened when Elodea was exposed to white light?

produced oxygen bubbles, and photosynthesis happened

in the lab experiment what happened when Elodea was exposed to green light

minimal photosynthesis occurs few or none oxygen bubles

in the lab experiment what happened when Elodea was exposed to darkness

it stopped photosynthesizing but continued cellular respiration, leading to a net production of carbon dioxide

What color did the elodea in the phenol red solution turn when blowing on it with a straw

yellow

Why did the phenol solution turn yellow

due to breath containing co2

What is phenol red

a pH indicator dye that changes color to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Structure of DNA

Double helix, nucleotides

What dose A pair with nitrogenous bases

T

what does G pair with nitrogenous bases

C

What does A go to RNA bases 

U

What does G go to RNA Bases

c

What holds bases together

Hydrogen bonds

What is RNA

Ribose sugar

What is DNA

dexyoribose sugar

Can you create an mRNA complement to a DNA template strand?

yes, through transcription

Can you create a complementary DNA strand as would occur in DNA replication

yes

transcription definition

Dna is copied into an mRNA strand that complements the DNA template

Where does transcription occur?

Nucleus

How does transcription occour

MRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm for translation on a ribsome

Translation definition

mRNA is coded into amino acids to create a polypeptide chain from the original DNA code.

mRNA contains codons that occur in

3s

TRNA contains 

anticodons and carry the amino acids

What are the parts of tRNA

Amino acid receptor arm, Anticodon arm

Whatg organism did we extract DNA from

strawberry

What process is used to break up the cell membrane using dish soap

chemical lysis

How did we obtain genetic material

The cell membrane was degraded and we were able to obtain genetic info

What is causing the separation of pigments in gel electrophoresis?

an electric current pulling charged molecules through a gel matrix,

Do larger or smaller fragments move farther in gel electrophoresis?

smaller