AP Human Geography Part 1, Units 1-3_

Space

Refers to the gap or interval between two places or objects on Earth's surface.

Activity Space

The area where an activity occurs on a daily basis, like hospitals or beaches.

Place

An area of bounded space of human importance, like a desert or ocean.

Toponyms

Place names such as "Wisconsin" or "London" that reveal historical, physical, or cultural connections.

Scale

Relationship of an object or place to Earth, with types including scale of analysis and map scale.

Formal Regions

Areas with homogeneous characteristics and formal political borders.

Functional Regions

Areas with a central node like a market area.

Vernacular Regions

Regions based on mental maps and perception, like the "American South".

Relative Location

Position of a point relative to a known place or feature.

Absolute Location

Exact position on Earth using latitude and longitude coordinates.

Site

Physical characteristics of a place, like Texas being flat.

Situation

Place's interrelatedness with other places.

Distance

Measure of space between two objects, with absolute and relative distance categories.

Density

The frequency with which something occurs in space.

Diffusion

The spread of a phenomenon over space and time.

Space-time compression

The concept of covering the same distance in less time due to technological advancements in transportation and communication.

Relocation diffusion

The spread of an idea involving physical movement from one place to another, often crossing significant barriers.

Expansion diffusion

The spread of an idea from a central point outward in all directions.

Contagious diffusion

The rapid and unpredictable spread of an idea from a point of origin to nearby locations.

Stimulus diffusion

The spread of a principle that stimulates the creation of new products or ideas.

Hierarchical diffusion

The spread of an idea from higher levels of power to lower levels.

Reverse-Hierarchical diffusion

The spread of an idea from lower levels of power to higher levels.

Lines of Latitude

Imaginary lines indicating how far north or south a place is from the Equator.

Lines of Longitude

Imaginary lines indicating how far east or west a place is from the Prime Meridian.

Distortion

The alteration of the shape or size of an object when projected onto a flat surface, common in map-making.

Equal-area projection

A map projection that maintains the relative size of countries but distorts their shapes.

Conformal projection

A map projection that preserves the shapes of countries but distorts their relative sizes.

GIS

Geographic Information Systems, used for spatial analysis by layering data on maps.

Remote Sensing

Acquiring information about an object or phenomenon without physical contact, often done through satellites or probes.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population within a year.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population within a year.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR) / Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference between CBR and CDR, calculated as (CBR - CDR)/10%.

Net Migration Rate (NMR)

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 people in a population.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of people above 65 and below 15 to the working-age population (15-65).

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The number of children born divided by the number of women aged 15 to 45.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that shows the stages of population growth and decline in countries.

Malthusian Theory

Theory proposing that population growth will outpace food production, leading to a catastrophe.

Neo-Malthusians

Theorists who believe in Malthus' warning and predict future food scarcity due to population growth.

Population Pyramids

Graphical representation showing the distribution of various age groups and genders in a population.

Arithmetic Density

The number of objects/people/phenomena per unit area of land.

Physiologic Density

The number of people per unit area of arable (farmable) land.

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit area of arable land.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model that explains the changing patterns of health and disease in a population over time.

Age of Pestilence and Famine

Stage characterized by infectious diseases as the main cause of death due to poor hygiene, sanitation, and food shortages. Corresponds to Stage 1 of the DTM.

Age of Receding Pandemics

Stage marked by medical advancements leading to a decline in infectious disease-related deaths. Corresponds to Stage 2 of the DTM.

Age of Man-Made Diseases

Period with reduced infectious disease deaths but an increase in deaths from old age, cancer, and chronic diseases. Corresponds to Stages 4 and 5 of the DTM.

Age of Delayed Degenerative Disease

Phase where chronic diseases like cancer persist, but life expectancy increases due to medical progress. Corresponds to Stage 4 of the ETM.

Age of Reemergence of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases

Stage where eradicated diseases resurface, seen in developed countries like the U.S.A. and U.K. Migration:Permanent relocation of individuals from one place to another, either internally or transnationally. Forced migration and voluntary migration are two main types. Step Migration:Migration occurring in steps, often due to work obstacles. Chain Migration:Migration influenced by previous migrants to the same location. Life-course changes:Major migrations due to life events like college, job changes, or retirement. Push/Pull Factors of Migration:Factors that push people away (push factors) or attract them to a place (pull factors). Culture:Shared experiences, traits, and activities of a group, encompassing music, sports, film, food, religion, and language. Cultural synthesis:Blending of multiple cultural influences. Architecture:Modern and contemporary architecture styles, with examples like steel skyscrapers and postmodern designs. Housing Types:Various housing styles like New England, Federalist, and I-house. Religion:Architectural features of places of worship for Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism. Multilingual Society:Community proficient in three or more languages, like the Netherlands and California. Pidgins, Creoles, & Lingua Francas:...

Pidgin

A simplified form of language with basic vocabulary and grammatical structure used for basic communication between speakers of different languages.

Creole

A popularized version of a pidgin language that has been used extensively.

Lingua franca

A bridge language used for communication between speakers of different languages, with English being a prominent global example.

Language family

A group of languages connected by a distant ancestor language, such as the Indo-European language family.

Folk culture

A localized form of culture diffused through relocation diffusion, including traditions like Native American music and cultural stories.

Popular culture

A globalized form of culture diffused through expansion diffusion, such as trends like TikTok videos and popular music.

Folklore

A component of folk culture involving songs and stories tied to cultural traditions, often transmitted without electronic instruments.

Animism

The belief that natural phenomena and objects have spiritual beings or life within them.

Universalizing religion

A religion that seeks followers worldwide and aims to increase its following, like Christianity.

Ethnic religion

A religion that does not seek followers outside of its ethnic group, such as Hinduism.

Sequent occupance

The concept that cultural groups leave imprints on an area, with examples like Nigeria retaining European architecture but renaming toponyms after independence.

Acculturation

The process of adapting to a new culture while retaining aspects of the original culture, involving an exchange of traits between groups.

Assimilation

The process of adapting to a new culture by dropping all traits of the original culture completely to blend into the new cultural landscape.

Forced Assimilation

A policy, such as the one imposed on Native Americans in the U.S., where individuals are compelled to adopt the culture, language, and customs of another group while abandoning their own.

Ethnic Cleansing

A geographical phenomenon where an ethnic group forcibly removes or eliminates another ethnic group from a specific region.

Self-Determination

The concept where ethnic groups have the desire and right to govern themselves independently within a specific territory.

Genocide

The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.

Holocaust

Refers to the mass genocide of over 6 million Jews during World War II, orchestrated by Adolf Hitler, driven by antisemitism, racism, and the belief in German ethnic superiority.