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129 Terms

1
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allergist

diagnosing and treating allergies

2
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cardiologist

heart disease and disorders

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dermatologist

skin disorders

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gastroenterologist

disorders of the GI tract, liver and pancreas

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neurologist

disorders of the central & peripheral nervous systems

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oncologist

tumors and cancerous growths

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orthopedist

bone and joints

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hay fever (seasonal allergies)

  • nasal inflammation

  • sneezing

  • runny nose

  • scratchy throat

  • red, itchy eyes.

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sinusitis

  • inflammation of the mucous membranes in the sinuses

  • caused by infection, allergies and irritation from toxic substances in the air

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asthma

  • affects airways that carry air into and out of the lungs

  • coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, producing mucus

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urticaria or hives

  • raised red welts on the surface of the skin

  • associated with an allergic reaction and histamine release or abnormalities in parts of the immune system

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anaphylaxis

life-threatening allergic reaction

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scratch test

  • suspected allergens applied to patient’s skin

  • skin is scratched to allow extracts to penetrate

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intradermal test

  • solutions of allergens injected into the skin

  • a small blister (wheal), appears on the skin over the injection site

  • allergic reaction time is about 15 to 30 minutes

  • example: TB skin test

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RAST

measures blood levels of antibodies to specific allergens

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anti-inflammatory

prevent or reverse inflammation in airways

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bronchodilators

open airways during asthma episodes

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epinephrine

contradict anaphylaxis

19
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what are the diseases cardiology covers?

  • coronary artery disease

  • hypertension

  • myocardial infarction

  • dysrhythmias 

  • heart failure

  • valvular diseases 

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coronary artery disease

narrowing of the blood vessels surrounding the heart, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle

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what are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

  • inactivity

  • obesity

  • high blood pressure

  • smoking

  • high cholesterol

  • diabetes 

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what is patient education for cardiology?

  • prevention of heart disease, stroke, or heart attack.

  • medications

  • testing instructions

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what are the common tests for cardiology?

  • blood pressure

  • pulse

  • EKG

  • holter monitor

  • stress testing

  • echocardiogram

  • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

  • computed tomography (CT)

  • angiogram

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holter monitor

records electrical activity of the heart continuously over 24 hours or longer

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stress testing

  • uses exercise

  • shows how the heart works during physical activity

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echocardiogram

ultrasound scan of the heart

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angiogram

X-ray used to examine the coronary arteries

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cardiac catheterization

  • invasive procedure

  • catheter inserted into a vein or artery in the arm or leg, passed through the blood vessels into the heart

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balloon angioplasty

balloon inflated at site of blockage to compress blockage and widen artery

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stent

tube placed in artery to keep it open

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coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

surgery to bypass blockage using a vessel taken from another area

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cardiac biomarkers

  • diagnose a heart attack by determining if heart cells have been damaged

    • cardiac troponin

    • creatinine kinase (CK)

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lipid blood tests

levels of cholesterol and triglycerides

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c-reactive protein

identifies high levels inflammation

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blood tests for anticoagulants

  • blood thinner evaluation

  • prothrombin time (PT)

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anticoagulants

help prevent blood from clotting

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ACE Inhibitors

dilate, or widen, blood vessels; improve blood flow

38
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antiarrhythmics

treats arrhythmias

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angiotensin receptor

relaxes veins and arteries to lower blood pressure

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beta blockers

treats high blood pressure, angina, and abnormal rhythms

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calcium channel blockers

treat high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms and angina

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statin

cholesterol-lowering medications

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diuretics

help the kidneys flush out excess fluid

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vasodilators

  • relaxes blood vessels

  • treats hypertension

45
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acne vulgaris

puberty

46
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contact dermatitis

  • poison ivy

  • treated with corticosteroids

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ringworm

  • caused by a fungus

  • circular rash

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psoriasis

  • red, itchy scaly patches, most commonly on the knees, elbows, trunk and scalp

  • common, long-term (chronic) disease with no cure

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eczema (atopic dermatitis)

dry, itchy skin and rashes on the face, inside the elbows and behind the knees, and on the hands and feet

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warts

caused by virus

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keloid

  • firm, rubbery lesions or nodules, colors vary (benign and not contagious)

  • triggered by skin injury, insect bites, acne, an injection, body piercing, burns, hair removal, and minor scratches

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jaundice

  • yellowing of the skin

  • caused by liver cancer or cirrhosis

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skin tests

  • help to diagnose  allergies, infections, and other problems affecting the skin

  • used to tell the difference between malignant (cancerous) cells and benign (noncancerous) cells

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patch testing

  • diagnose skin allergies

  • allergens applied to the skin on the back with adhesive patches and left for a period of time

  • the skin is then examined for any reaction

55
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skin biopsy

to diagnose skin cancer or benign skin disorders

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culture

  • identifies bacteria, fungus, or virus causing an infection

  • skin (surface scrapings, biopsies, contents of pus bumps and blisters), hair, or nails may be cultured

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wood's lamp examination

uses UV light to look at the skin closely

58
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type I diabetes

  • autoimmune

  • stops the body from making insulin

  • requires insulin replacement

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type II diabetes

  • body doesn’t use insulin well

  • can’t keep blood sugar at normal levels

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gestational diabetes

  • pregnancy

  • usually cured after delivery

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what are the risk factors for type I diabetes?

  • family history

  • age

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what are the risk factors for type II diabetes?

  • overweight

  • 45 years or older

  • family history

  • sedentary lifestyle

  • african american, hispanic or latino, american indian, or alaska native person.

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what are the risk factors for gestational diabetes?

  • had gestational diabetes during a previous pregnancy

  • have given birth to a baby who weighed over 9 pounds

  • overweight

  • are more than 25 years old

  • family history of type II

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A1C test

  • measures average blood sugar level over the past 2 or 3 months

  • below 5.7% is normal, between 5.7 and 6.4% indicates prediabetes, 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes

65
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fasting blood sugar test

  • measures blood sugar after an overnight fast

  • 99 mg/dL or lower normal

  • 100 to 125 mg/dL indicates prediabetes

  • 126 mg/dL or higher indicates have diabetes

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glucose tolerance test

  • measures blood sugar before and after drinking a liquid that contains glucose

  • fasting

  • glucose checked over several hours

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what are the medications for type I diabetes?

insulin

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what are the medications for type II diabetes?

  • alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

    • help the body break down starchy foods and table sugar lowering blood sugar

  • biguanides

    • decrease how much sugar the liver makes

  • dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors

    • Help the body continue to make insulin

  • sulfonylureas

    • stimulate the pancreas to make more insulin

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hypothyroidism

  • decreased activity of the thyroid gland

  • fatigue, increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, dry skin, weight gain

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hyperthyroidism (graves disease)

  • increased gland activity

  • anxiety, irritability, elevated heart rate and blood pressure, and weight loss

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goiter

irregular growth of the thyroid gland

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T4 blood test

measures the blood level of the hormone T4 (thyroxine)

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TSH blood test

measures thyroid stimulating hormone in the blood

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T3 total blood test

measures the level of the hormone T3 in the blood

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thyroid ultrasound

  • used to examine the thyroid for abnormalities, including:

    • cysts

    • nodules

    • tumors

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thyroid hormone replacement

  • treats hypothyroidism

    • most widely used:

      • synthroid (levothyroxine)

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anti-thyroid

  • treats hyperthyroidism

    • tapazole (methimazole)

78
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hernia

the upper part of the stomach bulges through diaphragm

79
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cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

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cholelithiasis

gallstones

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colitis

inflammation of the inner lining of the colon

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diverticulitis

infection or inflammation of pouches in the  intestines

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GERD

stomach acid flows backward into the esophagus

84
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gastroenerology exams

exam procedure based on patient’s symptoms

85
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what does the medical assistant do during gastroenterology exams?

  • provide reassurance and ensure comfort

  • assist as permitted

  • patient instructions

86
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fluoroscopy

makes a real-time video of the movements inside a part of the body by passing x-rays through the body over a period of time

87
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barium swallow

  • esophagogram

  • upper GI

  • imaging test checks for problems in the upper GI tract; mouth, back of the throat, esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. 

  • test uses fluoroscopy

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barium enema

  • lower GI

  • x-ray exam that detects  changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon)

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colonoscopy

  • used to detect changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon) and rectum. 

  • long tube inserted into the rectum. 

  • video camera at the tip of the tube allows the physician to view the inside of the entire colon

90
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stool tests

  • help to identify bacteria, parasites and small bleeds that could be causing many symptoms

    • stool culture test

    • occult blood

    • helicobacter pylori (h. Pylori) antigen stool test

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proton pump inhibitor (PPI)

treats heartburn, stomach or intestinal ulcers, or excess stomach acid

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antacids

neutralize stomach acid

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histamine 2 blockers (H2 blockers)

treat symptoms of GERD, esophagitis, or peptic ulcers

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bell's palsy

  • facial muscle weakness or paralysis

  • begins suddenly and worsens over 48 hours

  • results from damage to the facial nerve

95
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encephalitis

inflammation of tissues of the brain caused by an infection or an autoimmune response

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epilepsy

seizures

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parkinson’s disease

  • degenerative disorder that affects movement

  • causes tremors

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paralysis

  • hemiplegia

  • paraplegia 

  • quadriplegia

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electroencephalography (EEG)

  • records the electrical activity of the brain on a strip of graph paper

  • detects or examines conditions such as tumors, seizure disorders, or brain injury

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cerebral angiography

radiologic study of the cerebral blood vessels using a contrast medium