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allergist
diagnosing and treating allergies
cardiologist
heart disease and disorders
dermatologist
skin disorders
gastroenterologist
disorders of the GI tract, liver and pancreas
neurologist
disorders of the central & peripheral nervous systems
oncologist
tumors and cancerous growths
orthopedist
bone and joints
hay fever (seasonal allergies)
nasal inflammation
sneezing
runny nose
scratchy throat
red, itchy eyes.
sinusitis
inflammation of the mucous membranes in the sinuses
caused by infection, allergies and irritation from toxic substances in the air
asthma
affects airways that carry air into and out of the lungs
coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, producing mucus
urticaria or hives
raised red welts on the surface of the skin
associated with an allergic reaction and histamine release or abnormalities in parts of the immune system
anaphylaxis
life-threatening allergic reaction
scratch test
suspected allergens applied to patient’s skin
skin is scratched to allow extracts to penetrate
intradermal test
solutions of allergens injected into the skin
a small blister (wheal), appears on the skin over the injection site
allergic reaction time is about 15 to 30 minutes
example: TB skin test
RAST
measures blood levels of antibodies to specific allergens
anti-inflammatory
prevent or reverse inflammation in airways
bronchodilators
open airways during asthma episodes
epinephrine
contradict anaphylaxis
what are the diseases cardiology covers?
coronary artery disease
hypertension
myocardial infarction
dysrhythmias
heart failure
valvular diseases
coronary artery disease
narrowing of the blood vessels surrounding the heart, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle
what are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
inactivity
obesity
high blood pressure
smoking
high cholesterol
diabetes
what is patient education for cardiology?
prevention of heart disease, stroke, or heart attack.
medications
testing instructions
what are the common tests for cardiology?
blood pressure
pulse
EKG
holter monitor
stress testing
echocardiogram
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
computed tomography (CT)
angiogram
holter monitor
records electrical activity of the heart continuously over 24 hours or longer
stress testing
uses exercise
shows how the heart works during physical activity
echocardiogram
ultrasound scan of the heart
angiogram
X-ray used to examine the coronary arteries
cardiac catheterization
invasive procedure
catheter inserted into a vein or artery in the arm or leg, passed through the blood vessels into the heart
balloon angioplasty
balloon inflated at site of blockage to compress blockage and widen artery
stent
tube placed in artery to keep it open
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
surgery to bypass blockage using a vessel taken from another area
cardiac biomarkers
diagnose a heart attack by determining if heart cells have been damaged
cardiac troponin
creatinine kinase (CK)
lipid blood tests
levels of cholesterol and triglycerides
c-reactive protein
identifies high levels inflammation
blood tests for anticoagulants
blood thinner evaluation
prothrombin time (PT)
anticoagulants
help prevent blood from clotting
ACE Inhibitors
dilate, or widen, blood vessels; improve blood flow
antiarrhythmics
treats arrhythmias
angiotensin receptor
relaxes veins and arteries to lower blood pressure
beta blockers
treats high blood pressure, angina, and abnormal rhythms
calcium channel blockers
treat high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms and angina
statin
cholesterol-lowering medications
diuretics
help the kidneys flush out excess fluid
vasodilators
relaxes blood vessels
treats hypertension
acne vulgaris
puberty
contact dermatitis
poison ivy
treated with corticosteroids
ringworm
caused by a fungus
circular rash
psoriasis
red, itchy scaly patches, most commonly on the knees, elbows, trunk and scalp
common, long-term (chronic) disease with no cure
eczema (atopic dermatitis)
dry, itchy skin and rashes on the face, inside the elbows and behind the knees, and on the hands and feet
warts
caused by virus
keloid
firm, rubbery lesions or nodules, colors vary (benign and not contagious)
triggered by skin injury, insect bites, acne, an injection, body piercing, burns, hair removal, and minor scratches
jaundice
yellowing of the skin
caused by liver cancer or cirrhosis
skin tests
help to diagnose allergies, infections, and other problems affecting the skin
used to tell the difference between malignant (cancerous) cells and benign (noncancerous) cells
patch testing
diagnose skin allergies
allergens applied to the skin on the back with adhesive patches and left for a period of time
the skin is then examined for any reaction
skin biopsy
to diagnose skin cancer or benign skin disorders
culture
identifies bacteria, fungus, or virus causing an infection
skin (surface scrapings, biopsies, contents of pus bumps and blisters), hair, or nails may be cultured
wood's lamp examination
uses UV light to look at the skin closely
type I diabetes
autoimmune
stops the body from making insulin
requires insulin replacement
type II diabetes
body doesn’t use insulin well
can’t keep blood sugar at normal levels
gestational diabetes
pregnancy
usually cured after delivery
what are the risk factors for type I diabetes?
family history
age
what are the risk factors for type II diabetes?
overweight
45 years or older
family history
sedentary lifestyle
african american, hispanic or latino, american indian, or alaska native person.
what are the risk factors for gestational diabetes?
had gestational diabetes during a previous pregnancy
have given birth to a baby who weighed over 9 pounds
overweight
are more than 25 years old
family history of type II
A1C test
measures average blood sugar level over the past 2 or 3 months
below 5.7% is normal, between 5.7 and 6.4% indicates prediabetes, 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes
fasting blood sugar test
measures blood sugar after an overnight fast
99 mg/dL or lower normal
100 to 125 mg/dL indicates prediabetes
126 mg/dL or higher indicates have diabetes
glucose tolerance test
measures blood sugar before and after drinking a liquid that contains glucose
fasting
glucose checked over several hours
what are the medications for type I diabetes?
insulin
what are the medications for type II diabetes?
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
help the body break down starchy foods and table sugar lowering blood sugar
biguanides
decrease how much sugar the liver makes
dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors
Help the body continue to make insulin
sulfonylureas
stimulate the pancreas to make more insulin
hypothyroidism
decreased activity of the thyroid gland
fatigue, increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, dry skin, weight gain
hyperthyroidism (graves disease)
increased gland activity
anxiety, irritability, elevated heart rate and blood pressure, and weight loss
goiter
irregular growth of the thyroid gland
T4 blood test
measures the blood level of the hormone T4 (thyroxine)
TSH blood test
measures thyroid stimulating hormone in the blood
T3 total blood test
measures the level of the hormone T3 in the blood
thyroid ultrasound
used to examine the thyroid for abnormalities, including:
cysts
nodules
tumors
thyroid hormone replacement
treats hypothyroidism
most widely used:
synthroid (levothyroxine)
anti-thyroid
treats hyperthyroidism
tapazole (methimazole)
hernia
the upper part of the stomach bulges through diaphragm
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
cholelithiasis
gallstones
colitis
inflammation of the inner lining of the colon
diverticulitis
infection or inflammation of pouches in the intestines
GERD
stomach acid flows backward into the esophagus
gastroenerology exams
exam procedure based on patient’s symptoms
what does the medical assistant do during gastroenterology exams?
provide reassurance and ensure comfort
assist as permitted
patient instructions
fluoroscopy
makes a real-time video of the movements inside a part of the body by passing x-rays through the body over a period of time
barium swallow
esophagogram
upper GI
imaging test checks for problems in the upper GI tract; mouth, back of the throat, esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine.
test uses fluoroscopy
barium enema
lower GI
x-ray exam that detects changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon)
colonoscopy
used to detect changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon) and rectum.
long tube inserted into the rectum.
video camera at the tip of the tube allows the physician to view the inside of the entire colon
stool tests
help to identify bacteria, parasites and small bleeds that could be causing many symptoms
stool culture test
occult blood
helicobacter pylori (h. Pylori) antigen stool test
proton pump inhibitor (PPI)
treats heartburn, stomach or intestinal ulcers, or excess stomach acid
antacids
neutralize stomach acid
histamine 2 blockers (H2 blockers)
treat symptoms of GERD, esophagitis, or peptic ulcers
bell's palsy
facial muscle weakness or paralysis
begins suddenly and worsens over 48 hours
results from damage to the facial nerve
encephalitis
inflammation of tissues of the brain caused by an infection or an autoimmune response
epilepsy
seizures
parkinson’s disease
degenerative disorder that affects movement
causes tremors
paralysis
hemiplegia
paraplegia
quadriplegia
electroencephalography (EEG)
records the electrical activity of the brain on a strip of graph paper
detects or examines conditions such as tumors, seizure disorders, or brain injury
cerebral angiography
radiologic study of the cerebral blood vessels using a contrast medium