Unit 1 Cell Bio

The appeaance and function of cells are dictated by…

proteins

functions of proteins:

structure, catalyze chemical reactions, molecular motors

living species becomes gradually modified and adapt to environment in more sophisticated way

evolution

all cells have evolved from the same ancesteral cell ____

3.5-3.8 billion years ago

the ____ contains a DNA sequence which then instructs the cell how to function

genome

matthais jakob schidein theorized that…

cells comprise all tissues

theodorore shawn theorized…

all living cells are from the growth and division of previous cells (cell theory)

charles darwin theorized…

evolution

what is different about electron microscopes

they use electrons as a source of illumination and have more details with cells

What is different about a scanning electon miscropscope

electrons are scattered and emitted

prokaryotes have no…

nucleus, organelles, ribosomes

what type of organisms fall under prokaryotes

bacteria and archea

what contributed to the rapid evolution of prokaryotes

quick duplication, the ability to exchange genetic information

how did mitochondria come about

aerobic bacteria that lived inside anerobic ancestors of eukaryotes

These organisms play a big role in recycling nitrogen and carbon and living in primitive environments

archea

what are some single celled eukaryotes

ameoba and yeast

what is the double membrane in the nucleus called

nuclear envelope

• Uses energy from oxidation or food molecules to produce energy

• Cellular respiration

• have their own dna

• double membrane

• reproduce by dividing

mitochondria

• found in plant and alage cells

• double membrane

• photosynthesis

• internal membrane stacks with chlorophyll

• their own dna

• reproduce by dividing in 2

chloroplast

• Site where majority of membrane components & exported materials are made

• Extensive network in secretory type cells

endoplasmic reticulum

• involved in modifying and packaging molecules made in ER

• Molecules transported through here can be secreted or transported to another compartment

golgi apparatus

• Small, irregularly shape

• Intracellular digestion occurs releasing nutrients from Food into cytosol

• Breaking down unwanted molecules ➔ recycling /excretion.

• Acidic pH

• “Bag of enzymes”

lysosome

Small membrane-bound vesicles ➔ sequestered environment for reactions where H2O is2 used to inactivate toxic molecules

peroxisomes

ferries molecules from one organelle to another

transport vesicles

bringing resources inside the cell

endocytosis

getting rid of compounds from the cell

exocytosis

• site of translation

• largest site

• aqueous crowded gel

cytosol

• long fine filaments in the cytosol

• control movement

• three types: actin, microtubules, intermediate

cytoskeleton

• Thinnest cytoskeleton type

• Abundant in eukaryotes

• Large number inside muscle cells (central part of muscle contraction machinery)

actin filament

• thickest cytoskelton type

• Small hollow tubes

• Pull duplicated chromosomes apart & distribute into daughter cells equally

microtubules

• Intermediate in thickness

• Strengthen cells

• gives shape, mechanical strength, and drives movements

intermediate filaments

Why is the cytoskelton highly dynamic

involves motor proteins, uses ATP, cargo transported

• rod shaped cell

• lives in our gut

• studies involving it helped back up dna replication, translation, and transcription

e.coli

• single celled and small

• studies with it helped with genetics and biochemistry discoveries (cell division)

• cell wall and mitochondira

• cheap and reproduces quickly

budding yeast

what is the model plant

arabidopsis

what are the model animals

fruit fly, worm, mouse, zebrafish

study humans directly by using isolated cells in a controlled laboratory setting

in vitro

Why is the chemistry of life special? (CAT CLT)

carbon compounds, reactions in aqueous environments, narrow temp range, complex, large polymers, tightly regulated

atoms linked together in groups

molecules

smallest particle of an element

atom

number of protons=

atomic number

number of protons + number of neutrons

atomic weight

the protons and neutons are surrounded by…

a cloud of negatively charged electrons

How many electrons can the first 4 shells hold

2,8,8,18

In an ionic bond electrons are ______

donated

In a covalent bond electrons are _____

shared

atoms with incomplete electron sheels have a tendency to…

interact with other atoms to change that

how are double bonds different from single bonds

shorter, stronger, less movement,

in polar structures the electrons are shared unequally resulting in a…

negative and positive charge

order bonds from strongest to weakest

covalent, ionic, van der waals, hydrogen bonding

Are polar bonds and hydrogen bonds hydrophobic or hydrophilic

hydrophilic

non-covalent bond when two atoms approach each other closely

van der waals interaction

substances that release a proton

acid

substances that accept a proton

base

carbon contating compounds=

organic molecules

sugars from…

polysaccahrides (glycogen and starchs)

fatty acids form…

fats and membrane lipids

amino acids form…

proteins

nucleotides form…

nucleic acids

switching the orientation of different OH groups on monosaccahrarides can change them between…

mannose and galactose

monosaccharides can be lnked via _________ to make large carbohydrates

glycosidic bond

disaccharides have ___ subunits

2

oligosaccharides have ______ subunits

2-10

polysaccharides have _____ subunits

100-1000

when a water molecule is expelled to form a bond

condensation

when a water molecule is consumed to break a bond

hydrolosis

when an organism has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic structure

amphipatic

fatty acid and other derivaties such as tricylaglycerol molecules are categorized as…

lipids

phospholipids are comrpised of..

two fatty acids, gylcerol, phosphate, OH group linked to phosphate, polar group

how are amino acids charcterized

carboxylic acid group, amino group, a carbon, side chain attaches to a carbon

covalent bond between two amino acids

peptide bond

how are peptide bonds formed

condensation

chain of amino acids and peptide bonds

polypeptide

base + sugar=

nucleoside

dna/rna is comprised of…

5 carbon ring sugar (base), phosphate group, bases

the short term carriers of ATP (chemical energy)

nucleoside triphosphates

nucleoside triphosphates comprise of…

3 phosphates linked by 2 phosphoanhydride bonds

free phosphate group

5 end of DNA

free hydroxyl group

3 end of DNA

How to read DNA

5 to 3

______ bonds allow base pairing

hydrogen

When a new nucleotide is added to the growing DNA/RNA strand, two of the three phosphates are released together as ______ during phosophodiester bond formation

pyrophosphate

dna and rna chains are synthesized from…

nucleoside triphosphates

provide mechanical support to cells and tissues

structural proteins

catalyze covalent bond breakage or formation

enzymes

generate movement in cells and tissues

motor proteins

store amino acids or ions

storage protein

bind to DNA to switch genes on or off

transcription regulators

carry extracellular signals from cell to cell

signal proteins

detect signals and transmit them to the cell’s response machinery

receptor proteins

What is the repeating sequence in a polypeptide backbone

N-C-C

True or false: polypeptide chains fold in many ways but are constrained by many weak non covalent bonds

true

final folded structure of protein where free energy is minimized

protein conformation

when proteins are folded inside the cell they are assisted by ______ proteins which require ATP

chaperone

why are chaperone proteins useful

energetically favorable pathway, isolation chambers, more efficent and reliable

What type of model is this

backbone model

What type of model is this

ribbon model

What type of model is this

wire model

What type of model is this

space filling model

an alpha helix is found in the protein…

alpha keratin