BIO 1020 Exam 1

12 Principles of Biology

Cells, energy, interaction, homeostasis, genetic material, evolution, structure, complex interaction, experiment, quantitative analysis, modeling, and society

Hierarchical Organization

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organism, populations, community, ecosystem, and biosphere

2 classifications of organisms

Taxonomy and domain

Taxonomy

The grouping of species based on common ancestry

Domain

Division at the largest level

3 Domains

Bacteria & Archea and Eukarya

Bacteria & Archaea

Organisms without organelles

Eukarya

Organisms with organelles

4 Eukarya kingdoms

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Protista

Unicellular

Fungi

External digesters with chitin cell walls

Plantae

Photosynthetic and cellulose cell walls

Animalia

Lack cell walls and has internal digestion

Cell

The smallest living unit that grows, reproduces, and acquires materials to make energy

Non-living things combine to form ______.

cells

Atom

The smallest unit of matter with properties of the element

Subatomic particles are found in the _____.

core

Particle rule

In an unbound atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons, so there is no net charge

Valence electrons

Electrons found on orbitals/shells around the nucleus

Each cell can carry a specific number of ______.

electrons

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down

Atomic Number

The number of protons with in the core of an atom

Atomic mass

Masses of proton and neutrons together

Chemical properties of an atom depends on the number of _______ ______.

valence electrons

Atoms with complete valence shells are ________.

unreactive

Atoms with the same number of valence electrons have ______ properties

similar

Reactive atoms

Attract each other to fill the outer most shell

Molecule

Two or more elements combined

Covalent bonds

Atoms share a pair of electrons; have strong chemical bonds; electrons behave as if they belong to each atom

Polar covalent bonds

Forms when electronegative difference occurs with in a compound

Electronegativity

The measure of an atoms ability to attract the electrons from another atom

Non-polar Covalent Bonds

Form when there is no electronegative difference within a compound

Ionic Bonds

Occurs between ions of opposite charge. One atom loses electrons and other gains electrons.

Hydrogen Bonds

Occurs between H atoms covalently bonded to another electronegative atom

Reactions

When one or more substance is changed into other substances

Anabolic Reaction

Makes bonds

Catabolic Reaction

Breaks bonds

Chemical nature of water

polar molecule; oxygen attracts the electrons better than the hydrogens

Non-polar molecules

do not dissolve in water; hydrophobic

Pure water can dissociate to form ______,

ions

Buffer

Substance that resists pH change

Buffers consists of a pair of molecules, one an _____ and one a ______.

acid; base

Polymer

Chain of linked monomers

Polymers consist of:

complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Monomers consist of:

Single sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides

Creation of polymers occurs through _______ reactions

dehydration

Breakdown of polymers occurs through ______ reactions

hydrolysis

Carbohydrates

Molecules that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Types of carbohydrates:

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Monosaccharide function

energy source and component of larger sources

Disaccharides function

Transport form

Polysaccharides function

storage polysaccharide and structural material for cells

Lipids

primarily hydrogen and carbon atoms; non-polar and insoluble in water

Lipid structure

Alcohol head unit and fatty acid tails

Lipids are formed through _________.

dehydration

Fatty acid tails

Long chains of carbon & hydrogen with a COOH- group on one end

Saturated vs. Unsaturated fats depend on:

The amount of hydrogens on the fatty acid tails

Saturated

Carbons are linked by single covalent bonds; solid at room temp

Unsaturated

Contains one or more carbon double bonds; liquid at room temp

Phospholipids

Major components of membranes-amphipathic molecule

Phospholipids have fatty acid tails that are _______ in water

insoluble

Phospholipid structure

Fatty acid tails, Glycerol group, Phosphate group, Charged Nitrogen group

Steroids

4 interconnected rings of carbon atoms; insoluble in water

Lipid functions

energy storage, structural components of cells, and hormones

Structure of Proteins

C,H,O,N,S

______ _______ are the monomers of proteins

Amino Acids

Amino acid side groups

size, water solubility, and electrical charge

_____ bonds occur between each amino acid in a protein

Peptide

Polypeptide

A linear chain of amino acids

Amino acids interact with eachother causing _______ of the chain

folding