intro to rad positioning 8/31

merrill ch 2

sagittal plane

divides the body or a body part into left and right segments vertically

coronal plane

divides the body or a body part into anterior and posterior segments vertically

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior segments horizontally (crosswise). also referred to as axial, transverse, or cross-sectional plane.

oblique plane

passes through the body or a body part at an angle

interiliac plane

special horizontal body plane that cuts across the pelvis at the highest points of the hip bones (iliac crests), level with the fourth lumbar (L4) vertebra

the interiliac plane serves as a surface landmark for which anatomical structures?

helps in positioning the lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx

occlusal plane

imaginary surface of where the upper and lower teeth meet when biting down

radiographic use of the occlusal plane

helps position the odontoid process and in some head projections

cranial cavity

thoracic cavity

segments of the thoracic cavity

two pleural portions (left and right pleural cavity) and mediastinum

abdominal (abdominopelvic) cavity

what is body habitus?

refers to shape of the human body which determines the size, shape, and position of internal organs

how does body habitus affect radiography?

determines positioning, exposure factors, and IR size & placement

sthenic body habitus

body habitus of 50% of human population

sthenic body habitus

hyposthenic body habitus

characteristics of hyposthenic body habitus

most difficult to classify but it is intermediate between sthenic and asthenic. 35% of human population.

asthenic body habitus

body habitus of 10% of human population

asthenic body habitus

hypersthenic body habitus

body habitus of 5% of human population

hypersthenic body habitus

abduction/adduction

extension/flexion

eversion

outward turning of the foot at the ankle

inversion

inward turning of the foot at the ankle

pronate

rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down

supinate

rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up (anatomic position)

dorsiflexion

flexion or bending of the foot toward the leg

plantar flexion

flexion or bending of the foot downward toward the sole

rotation

turning of a body or body part around its axis

circumduction

circular movement of limb

tilt

tipping or slanting a body part slightly

deviation

turning away from the regular standard or course

inferior

refers to nearer the feet or situated below

superior

refers to nearer the head or situated above

distal

refers to parts farthest from point of attachment

proximal

refers to parts nearest to point of attachment

distal

refers to parts farthest from point of attachment

superficial

parts near skin or surface

palmar

palm of hand

plantar

sole of foot

dorsum

top surface of foot or back surface of hand

peripheral

refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

parietal

refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity

visceral

refers to the covering of an organ

external

parts outside an organ

internal

parts within or inside of an organ

definition of osteology

detailed study of the body of knowledge related to bones

how many bones in the body?

206 primary bones

what are the main functions of bones?

• attachment for muscles

• mechanical basis for movement

• protection of internal organs

• frame to support the body

• storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts

• Production of red and white blood cells

division of the skeletal system

axial and appendicular skeleton

what makes up the axial skeleton?

80 bones that supports and protects the head and trunk

what makes up the appendicular bones?

126 bones that allows the body movement

compact bone

strong, dense outer layer of all bones

spongy bone

inner portion of bones that contains interconnecting spaces called trabeculae

red marrow

• stored between the trabeculae

• produces rbc and wbc

• concentrated at the ends in long bones

yellow marrow

stores fat/adipose cells

medullary cavity

central cavity in long bones that are filled with yellow marrow

periosteum

tough, fibrous connective tissue covering all bone surfaces except articular surfaces

what are articular surfaces in bones?

specific parts of a bone that come into direct contact with another bone to form a joint

endosteum

tissue lining of the medullary cavity

foramina (openings in bones)

entrance and exit of blood vessels and nerves supplying the bones

ossification

development and formation of bones which begins during the second embryonic month

intermembranous ossification

bones that develop from fibrous membranes create flat bones

endochondral ossification

bones that develop from hyaline cartilage create short, irregular, and long bones

what are the two construction sites of endochondral ossification?

1. primary ossification begins before birth as diaphysis

2. secondary ossification begins after birth as epiphysis

what is the epiphyseal plate?

• plate of cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis during growth

• common site of pediatric fractures

• fully ossifies and fuses into an epiphyseal line near age 21

classification of bones

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

long bones

• found only in limbs

• consists of body/shaft and two rounded articular ends

short bones

• trabecular bone that varies in shape and allow minimal flexibility

• carpal and tarsal bones only

flat bone

consists of two tables of compact bone enclosing spongy bone

irregular bones

peculiar shapes that don’t fit with other categories

sesamoid bones

• small, oval bones

• develop in tendons to decrease friction

arthrology

study of joints (articulation between bones)

functional classification of joints

• synarthroses = immoveable

• amphiarthroses = slightly moveable

• diarthroses = freely moveable

structural classification of joints

• fibrous = immoveable

• cartilaginous = virtually immoveable (intervertebral disc)

• synovial = freely moveable (knee, elbow)

characteristics of fibrous joints

• bound by dense connective tissue

• lack a joint cavity

• immoveable or slightly moveable

• stronges joints

types of fibrous joint

• syndesmosis (tibiofibular joint)

• suture (skull)

• gomphosis (tooth rooth)

closed fracture

fracture that does not break through skin

displaced fracture

fracture in which bones are not in anatomical alignment

nondisplaced fracture

fracture in which bone retains its normal alignment

open fracture

broken bone or bones project through the skin

compression fracture

open/compound fracture

simple fracture

greenstick fracture

transverse fracture

oblique/spiral fracture

comminuted fracture

impacted fracture

processes or projections bone marking

bone markings that extend beyond from the main body of a bone

depressions bone marking

hollow or depressed areas

characteristics of cartilaginous joints

• lack joint cavity and virtually immovable

• united by cartilage

types of cartilaginous joints

• symphysis (pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints)

• synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate)

characteristics of synovial joints

• synovial fluid-filled cavity that sits between connecting bones

• meniscus: fibrocartilage pad as shock absorber

• bursae: fluid filled sacs to reduce friction

6 types of synovial joints

• gliding (carpals, tarsals)

• hinge: extension/flexion (elbow, knees, fingers)

• pivot: rotates around axis (neck, radius, ulna)

• ellipsoid: slots into depression (wrist)

• saddle (first carpometacarpal joint only)

• ball and socket: multiaxial (hip, shoulder)

quadrants of the abdomen

RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, and LLQ