NURS 3120 EXAM 3

main source of energy for the body

carbohydrates

starches and fiber- long lasting energy

complex carbohydrates

sugars

simple carbohydrates

sources of carbohydrates

grains, fruits, vegetables, fiber

help build and repair tissues

proteins

made up of amino acids

proteins

provides energy and help aborb vitamins A, D, E, and K

unsaturated fats—> increase intake

sources of unsaturated fats

fish, nuts, olive oil

butter, cheese, fatty meats

saturated fats

least intake of fats

trans fats

micro nutrients

vitmains and minerals

bone health vitamin

vitamin D

where to get vitamin D

sunlight, dairy, fatty fish

vitamin B12 and folate

red blood cell production (meat, leafy greens)

fat soluble vitamins

A, E, K

minerals

calcium, iron, zinc

strong bones and teeth

calcium

where to get calcium

dairy, leafy greens

oxygen transport mineral

iron

where to get iron

meat, beans, spinach

boosts immunity

zinc

where to find zinc

seafood, nuts, seeds

water makes up __% of the body

50

electrolytes

sodium and potassium: fluid balance, nerve function, muscle contractions, acid/base stability

regulates fluid balance and blood pressure

sodium

too much sodium

high blood pressure, kidney disease, heart disease

balances sodium’s effects, supports muscles and heart function

potassium

where to find potassium

bananas, potatoes, beans, spinach, oranges

too much potasium=

cardiac dysrthymias

integrates understandings of spoken and written words

wernicke area

broca area

regulates verbal expression and writing ability

associated with CNS dysfunction, is a common symptom of stroke or neuromuscular disease

dysphagia

a common symptom of stroke, especially when it affects speech centers in the left hemisphere

aphasia

paresthia

abnormal prickly or tingly sensations, is most common in the hands, arms, legs, and feet but can also occur over body parts

diplopia (double vision)

central causes include stroke, vascular malformation, tumor, mass, trauma, meningitus, hemorrhage, MS

GCS (glasgow coma scale)

facilitates the assessment of patient with impaired consciousness- determines the degree of consious impairment by evaluating behavioral responses in three areas: motor, verbal, eye opening- the examiner lists the patient’s best response- the GCS weighs each response numerically to quantify overall response- minimum score is 3, max is 1

a tool used to assess dementia

mini-mental state examination

nystagmus

a jerking movement of the eye that can be quick and fluttering or slow and rolling, similar to a tremor

describes muscles with absolutely no resistance to movement

flaccid or atonic

hypotonia

decreased or “flabby” muscle tone

hypertonia

increased resistance of the muscles to passive stretch

spasticity

increased resistance to rapid passive stretch

rigidity

steady persistent resistance to passive stretch in both flexor and extensor muscle groups

romberg test

the patient stands with feet together and arms at sides; swaying is noted with eyes open and closed to assess balance- slight swaying may be normal because visual cues help humans to maintain balance

ataxia

unsteady, wavering movement with inability to touch the target

adiadochokinesia

lack of coordination during rapid altering movements

sensation assessment

patients eyes must remain closed to avoid visual cues from influencing responses

Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTRs)

biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, patellar, and Achilles

4+ Deep Tendon Reflex

very brisk, hyperactive with clonus

3+ Deep Tendon Reflex

brisker than average

2+ Deep Tendon Reflex

average, normal

1+ Deep Tendon Relfex

diminished, low normal

Deep Tendon Reflexes 0

no response

pathological reflexes

abnormal plantar reflexes and the triple flexion response

superficial pain sensation

break a tongue blade or cotton swab so that the end is sharp

meningitis

inflammatory of the meninges, the membranes around the brain and spinal cord

nuchal rigidity

a stiff neck associated with meningitis and intracranial hemorrhage from irritation of the meninges

brudzinski sign

positive if there is resistance or pain in the neck and flexion in the hips or knees

kernig sign

evaluated by flexing the leg at the hip

sudden interruption in the blood supply to part of the brain

stroke

stage 1 wound

non-blanchable erythema of intact skin

stage 1 locations

heel, sacrum

characteristics of stage 1 wound

red, warm, firm, or boggy skin

stage 2 wound description

partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis

stage 2 location

buttocks, elbows

stage 2 characteristics

shallow open ulcer or intact blister

stage 3 wound

full-thickness skin loss with visible fat

stage 3 location

hips, sacrum

stage 3 characteristics

deep wound, possible tunneling

stage 4 description

full-thickness skin and tissue loss exposing muscle, tendon, or bone

stage 4 location

sacrum, trochanters

stage 4 characteristics

extensive necrosis, possible osteomyeltis

unstageable wound

covered by slough or eacher, depth unknown

unstageable location wound

any pressure area

characteristics unstageable wound

nercrotic tissue covering base

deep tissue injury

peristant deep red, maroon, pruple discoloration

location of deep tissue injury

heels, sacrum

hyperthyroidism more common in

females

thyroid cancer more common in

females