ATI TEAS 7- Cardiovascular System

Pericardium

Membrane surrounding the heart

Myocardium

Middle Layer of the heart

Circulatory System Function

To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, ions, and fluids, throughout the body, as well as remove of metabolic wastes.

The Heart Function

Pumps blood throughout the body

The Three Layers of the Heart

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Epicardium

Outer layer of the heart

Endocardium

Inner layer of the heart; lines the heart chambers and valves.

Flow of blood through the heart

1. Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

2. Blood enters right ventricle through tricuspid valve 3. Blood exits right ventricle through pulmonary valve and enters pulmonary artery

4. Left and right pulmonary arteries send blood to lungs, where gas exchange occurs

5. Oxygenated blood returns to heart via the pulmonary veins enters left atrium

6. Blood enters left ventricle through mitral valve

7. Blood exits left ventricle through aortic semilunar valve to enter aorta

8. Aorta distributes blood to body

Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.

Right Ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins

Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta

Pulmonary Valve

Valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Prevents the return of blood into the right ventricle.

Tricuspid Valve

Valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle. Prevents the backflow into the atrium when the ventricle contracts.

Mitral Valve (Bicuspid Valve)

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle. Prevents blood from entering the left atrium when the ventricle contracts.

Aortic Valve

Heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta. Stops the backflow of blood into the left ventricle as it leaves the aorta.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Fight infection

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding.

Elastic arteries

Includes the aorta, and major branches. Stretch when blood is forced out of the heart, and recoils under low pressure.

Systole

Contraction of the heart

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart

Systemic Circuit

Circuit of blood that carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Pulmonary Circuit

Carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs.

Electrical Conduction

Generates and propagates the electrical impulses that sustain the rhythmic electrical contractions of the heart.

Blood Pressure

The pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart. Thick walls

Veins

Carry blood back to the heart. Thin walls.

Muscular Arteries

Regulate blood flow by vasoconstriction/vasodilation

Arterioles

Primary vessels involved in vasoconstriction/vasodilation. Control blood flow to capillaries.

Venules

Empties blood into larger veins

Tunica Intima

the innermost layer of a blood vessel

Tunica Media

The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand.

Tunica Adventitia

The outer layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue.

Blood Vessel Layers

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

Systolic Pressure

The peak pressure is produced by the contracting ventricles.

Diastolic Pressure

The pressure in your arteries when the ventricles are relaxed.

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

The walls of the blood vessels and increase the risk of heart disease, heart failure, and stroke.

Low Blood Pressure (Low Blood Pressure)

Below 100/60. Symptoms include lightheadedness or fainting.

Cardiac Arrhythmias

Abnormal heart beats

Sinoatrial Node

Pacemaker of the heart

High Blood Pressure Causes

High salt diet, smoking, and lack of exercise.

Cardiac Arrest

Sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leads to sudden cardiac death. Takes place when the heart stops beating or goes into a dangerously abnormal rhythm.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue is found only in the heart. Has Striations, squat, branched out, and interconnected with one or two nuclei.

Atrioventricular Node

A specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction in the heart.

Bundle of His

Neurological fibers extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers

Monocytes

Another type of white blood cell. These cells are characterized by a well-defined nucleus. Play an important role in the body's immune response to pathogens. Produced in the bone marrow.

Erythropoiesis

The production of red blood cells

Blood

Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Plasma

A solution of water, plasma proteins (albumin, antibodies, clotting proteins), carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, salts, gases, hormones, and waste products.

Blood Types

A, B, O, and AB

Do individuals with type A have A antigens?

Yes

Do individuals with type A have B antigens?

No

Do individuals with type A have AB antigens?

No

Do individuals with type B have A antigens?

No

Do individuals with type B have B antigens?

Yes

Do individuals with type AB have A antigens?

Yes

Do individuals with type AB have B antigens?

Yes

Do individuals with type O have A antigens?

No

Do individuals with type O have B antigens?

No

Type A Blood

A antigens and anti-B antibodies

Type B Blood

B antigens and anti-A antibodies

Type AB Blood

A and B antigens, no antibodies

Type O Blood

no antigens, A and B antibodies

Pericardium Function

-Protects and anchors the heart

-Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood

-Allows for the heart to work in a relatively friction-free environment

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart

Coronary sulcus

Separates atria from ventricles. Groove extending around the circumference of the heart

Interventricular sulci

Separates left from right ventricles

Anterior interventricular sulcus

Marks the boundary between the ventricles anteriorly.

Posterior interventricular sulcus

Marks the boundary between the ventricles posteriorly.

Heart Murmur

An abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves.

Valvular insufficiency

Any failure of a valve to prevent reflux, the backward flow of blood

Valvular stenosis

A condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart

Separation of chambers

Interatrial septum and interventricular septum

Interatrial septum

Separates left atrium from right atrium

Interventricular septum

Separates left ventricle from right ventricle

Pectinate muscles

Ridges on anterior wall and within auricle

Fossa ovalis

Oval depression on interatrial septum

Pectinate Muscles and Fossa Ovalis

Right atrium

Trabeculae carnage

Irregular muscular ridges inside ventricle wall

Papillary muscles

Cone-shaped projections extending from internal ventricle wall (right ventricle typically has 3 of them)

Chordae tendineae (tendinous cords):

–heartstrings

- Thin strands of collagen fibers attaching to AV valve

Valves

Prevent back flow of blood

Semilunar Valves

Prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Aortic semilunar valve

Located between left ventricle and the aorta