Radiography Fundamentals and Terminology

Comprehensive vocabulary terms covering radiologic imaging, anatomical planes, directional terminology, body positions, and X-ray projections based on the lecture notes.

radiograph

an image of a patients anatomy produced by xrays on an image receptor

radiography

The process and procedures of producing a radiograph

image receptor (IR) or digital detector

device that captures the image after X-rays pass through the patient

central ray

the center portion of the X-ray beam with the least divergence

projection

describes the direction/path of the X-ray beam through the body to the IR

position

placement of the patient or body part

view

perspective of the image as seen by the viewer

SID

source to image distance

OID

object to image distance

detent

locking equipment into proper alignment (SID, transverse, or longitudinal locks)

anatomic position

upright, arms at sides, palms forward, head and feet forward

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right parts

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left parts

coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

midcoronal plane

Divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts

transverse plane

divides the body into upper and lower portions

oblique plane

plane at an angle not parallel to standard planes

base plane

formed by the infraorbital margins to the superior margin of the external auditory meatus

ocusal plane

formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

Closer to the point of origin

distal

farther from the point of origin

cephalad

toward the head

caudad

toward the feet

superficial

near the surface

deep

away from the surface

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite side

interior

inside

exterior

outside

plantar

sole of foot

dorsum pedis

top of foot

Dorsum manus

back of hand

planar

palm of hand

anterior

front of body

ventral

front of body

posterior

back of body

flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

extension

increases joint angle

hyperextension

extension beyond normal

abduction

movement away from body

adduction

movement toward body

supination

palm up

pronation

palm down

eversion

foot outward stress

inversion

foot inward stress

dorsiflexion

foot upward

plantar flexion

foot downward

medial rotation

turn toward midline

lateral rotation

turn away From midline

Circumduction

circular motion

protraction

move forward

retraction

move backward

elevation

move upward

depression

move downward

rotation

turning on axis

tilt

slanting motion

supine

laying on back

prone

laying on abdomen

erect

standing or sitting upright

recumbent

lying down

lateral recumbent

lying on side

dorsal recumbent

lying on back

ventral recumbent

lying face down

decubitus

lying with horizontal beam

trendelenburg

head lower than feet

reverse trendelenburg

head higher than feet

fowlers

head elevated $18-20$ inches with knees bent

sims

left semiprone position

lithotomy

supine with hips/knees flexed, thighs abducted

oblique postion

described by the side of the body closest to IR/digital detector

AP (anteroposterior)

xray beam, enters front exits back

PA (posteroranterior)

xray beam enters back exits front

mediolateral

xray beam enters medial exits lateral

lateromedial

beam enters lateral exits medial

axial projection

angled $10$ degrees or mote along long axis

tangential projection

xray beam skims surface to visualize structures

Dorsoplantar

xray beam enters dorsal foot exits plantar

plantodorsal

xray beam enters plantar exits dorsal