Management, Industrial Relations, and Operations Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering essential management principles, functions, leadership styles, industrial relations, work study, business legal structures, inventory control, and maintenance strategies based on lecture notes.

Henri Fayol's Definition of Management

The classic view defining management as: "To manage is to forecast and plan, to organise, to command, to coordinate and to control."

POSDCoRB

An acronym created by Luther Gullick to summarize management functions: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Co-ordination, Reporting, and Budgeting.

Planning Premises

The assumptions about the likely shape of future events used to identify potential operational obstacles.

Derivative Plans

Secondary plans or sub-plans (including policies, procedures, rules, programmes, budgets, and schedules) created to assist in achieving the primary plan.

Span of Control

The span of supervision depicting the specific number of employees that can be managed and controlled effectively by a single superior.

Scalar Chain

The unbroken line or chain of command and formal authority that flows directly from top management down to lower levels.

Unity of Command

The organizational principle stating that each subordinate should have a one subordinate-one superior relationship and be accountable to only one direct boss.

Control by Exception

A technique in controlling where managers focus exclusively on critical, major deviations while ignoring minor variances.

Levels of Management Pyramid

The structural classification of management positions into Top (executive coaching, change management), Middle (problem solving, team building), and Low Level (emotional intelligence, performance coaching).

Trade Union

A continuous association or organization of workers established primarily to regulate relations between employees and employers, protect rights, and improve working conditions.

Industrial Relations

The contractual and daily working relationship between an individual employee or trade union and their employer during the course of business operations.

Intra-mural Facilities

Labour welfare amenities provided by the employer inside the workplace, such as clean drinking water, washing areas, occupational safety, and canteens.

Extra-mural Facilities

Welfare amenities extended to workers outside workplace boundaries, including housing, transport, medical care, educational programs, and social security.

Work Study

An overarching term for Method Study and Work Measurement techniques used to systematically examine human work and maximize resource efficiency.

Method Study Flowchart Symbols

Standardized activity symbols used in flow process charts: Circle (Operation), Arrow (Transport), Triangle (Permanent Storage), D-shape (Delay), Square (Inspection), and Circle inside Square (Inspection & Operation).

Basic Time Formula

The standardized time measurement calculated by multiplying observed timing by performance rating divided by standard rating: $\text{Basic Time} = \frac{\text{Observed Time} \times \text{Rating}}{\text{Standard Rating}}$

Motion Study

The analysis of movements made by workers and tools to identify and eliminate unproductive or wasteful physical motions.

Fatigue Study

The study of environmental and operational conditions causing worker weariness to set appropriate rest periods and maintain performance efficiency.

Autocratic Leadership

A centralized leadership style where all decision-making authority rests with the leader, demanding strict obedience through top-down directives.

Democratic Leadership

A consultative leadership style that actively involves subordinates in setting goals and making decisions.

Laissez Faire Leadership

A free-rein leadership style that grants subordinates high independence in operations while the leader serves primarily as an information hub.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A psychological motivation theory organized in a five-tier pyramid of human needs: Physiological, Safety, Belonging, Esteem, and Self-actualisation.

Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

A motivation model categorizing workplace elements into Hygiene Factors (extrinsic factors that prevent dissatisfaction) and Motivators (intrinsic factors that yield positive satisfaction).

Theory X

Douglas McGregor's model assuming the average person inherently dislikes work, avoids responsibility, and requires coercive controls and punishment.

Theory Y

Douglas McGregor's model assuming physical and mental effort at work is natural, and individuals exercise self-direction when committed to goals.

Management by Objectives (MBO)

A management process introduced by Peter Drucker where managers and subordinates jointly establish and align specific performance targets.

Partnership

An association defined under the Partnership Act $1890$ as subsisting between $2$ to $20$ persons carrying on business in common with a view to profit.

Ultra Vires

A legal phrase meaning 'beyond the powers', applying to acts performed by a registered or statutory corporation exceeding its memorandum objects, rendering them void.

Free Stock Balance

The calculated stock level used for inventory replenishment decisions: $\text{Free Stock Balance} = \text{Physical Stock} + \text{Outstanding Replenishment Orders} - \text{Unfulfilled Requirements Allocations}$

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

The optimal reorder quantity minimizing combined inventory ordering and holding costs, located at the intersection of ordering and holding cost curves: $EOQ = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times A \times S}{C}}$

Preventive Maintenance

Scheduled, fixed-time, or usage-based maintenance performed at regular intervals to prevent equipment breakdown and unplanned downtime.

Predictive Maintenance

A maintenance approach relying on real-time condition monitoring to foresee machinery failures and schedule repairs before serious damage occurs.

Proactive Maintenance

A strategy utilizing root cause failure analysis (RCFA) to eliminate the underlying causes of equipment failure rather than treating active wear symptoms.

Routing

The production planning step establishing the exact path or sequence of operations and equipment through which materials pass during manufacturing.

Scheduling

The production planning step that sets a precise timetable specifying when each individual manufacturing operation starts and ends.