Thẻ ghi nhớ: Oxytocin | Quizlet

origin of oxytocin

Henry Dale

dissected out of oxen's pituitary

induced contractions in guinea pig's nutrients

oxytocin

hormone produced by neurons in the hypothalamus

both males and females

in posterior pituitary gland to bloodstream

uterine contractions

cervix stretching triggers oxytocin release in blood

travels to uterus and caused muscles in uterine wall to contract

milk letdown reflex

stimulation of nipples triggers oxytocin release in blood

oxytocin travels to breast and causes myoepitheal cells to contract, ejecting milk

parental care

impacts offspring survival and success

mammal offspring need it to survive (milk, shelter, protection)

quality of care impacts development

rats and parental care

female rats show maternal behaviors (arched back nursing, lick/groom, pup retrieval)

virgin rats ignore/avoid pups (related to oxytocin release)

virgin rats

placed in cage with pups

received oxytocin = more likely to show maternal behaviors

OTA

drug that inihibits oxytocin receptors

OTA in rats

OTA or saline given to rats after birth

blocked oxytocin receptors decreased expression of pup licking and arched back nursing

medial preoptic area (MPOA)

part of hypothalamus (near optic chiasm)

expression of maternal behavior

OTA and MPOA

blocking oxytocin receptors in MPOA decreases arched back nursing and total time spent on pups

parents and oxytocin

15 min play interactions with infant

level of affectionate/stimulatory contact)

mothers - affectionate contact

fathers - stimulatory contact, exploratory behavior

increased oxytocin levels for high scores

MPOA research

oxytocin levels before and after play with child

shown images of their kid and other kid

more hypothalamus activation = more oxytocin release

affilitative behaviors

promote and support relationships between individuals

preferentially expressed towards partners

grooming, maintain physical contact, remain in proximity, sexual behavior

monogamous relationship

cohabitiation/association with a partner of opposite sex

for raising offspring, defending territory, acquiring resources

310% mammalian species

social monogamy

partners may engage in sexual behavior outside the confines of the partnership as opportunity allows (majority)

humans, prairie voles

sexual monogamy

sexual behavior is strictly confined within the partnership

prairie voles

male and female placed in one chamber

mating occurs in cohabitation period (pair bond formation)

females placed in middle cage with familiar vs unfamiliar male

prefer to spend more time with partner than stranger (long lasting)

male oxytocin

associated with orgasm and aids in sperm release

female oxytocin

vaginal/cervical stimulation leads to oxytocin release

OTA and pair bonding

female receives OTA before mating = no pair bond forms

mating prevented/cohabitation shortened = half

infusions of oxytocin increases females preferring their partner

oxytocin receptors

nucleus accumbens

prelimbic cortex

(voles)

vole brain areas

cohabitate w/partner and infused with OTA in NAcc or PLC

OTA prevented formation of preference for mating partner

virus injections

successful at increasing OT receptor expression in NAcc in meadow voles

not enough to make meadow vole females form pair bonds after mating

male pair bonds

males given vasopressin show partner preference despite no mating

blocking vasopressin receptors in lateral septum eliminates partner preference

vasopressin

mating normally increases levels (enhances pair bonding)

hypothalamus

produces oxytocin in males/females

produces vasopressin in males

oxytocin release activated in response to infant (human mothers)

lateral septum

vasopressin here is important for paternal behavior and pair bonding in male prairie voles

NAcc and PLC

nucleus accumbens and prelimbic cortex

oxytocin in this area is important for pair bonding in female prairie voles

attraction

men view and rate women images

intranasal oxytocin prior = rated as more attractive

romantic phase

(2.5 mo) new couples vs singles - plasma oxytocin levels

higher levels in couples vs singers

6 mo later 2/3 still together

oxytocin levels while they were still together could predict future relationship status

commitment phase

married/cohabiting for yr+ discuss conflict for 10 min after receiving OT

received OT = more positive behaviors when discussing conflict

OT brain study

men in committed/long term relationships shown pics of partner, unfamiliar woman and object

received OT and brain scanned, rated attractiveness

biased to rating partner as more attractive (stronger with OT)

activation in NAcc increased when viewing partner

female avoidance

male w/OT = maintain longer distance

male in relationship = maintain longer distance too

trust game

subjects receive endowment of MU

investor can choose portion to invest in trustee

amount will triple for trustee

trustee can return some amount back to investor

financial trust

more investors given intranasal oxytocin invested max amount compared to placebo-treated controls

betrayal

several rounds of trust/risk games without feedback, then found out they weren't receiving returns from investments

controls=decrease offers, trust betrayed

oxtyocin=high levels of trust, prevented increase in amygdala

in-group effects

OT facilitates behaviors that are social glue for in-group (group you presently belong in)

not all behaviors are universally ethical/positive

group-serving dishonesty

predict outcome of coin flip and report accuracy (correct = $)

group benefit or self benefit; OT treatment

OT = increased rate of extreme over-reporters only if group was going to benefit (lie for greater good)

social salience in autism

don't prioritize social info over non-social info (autism)

oxytocin improved social cognition in autistic kids

fMRI during social vs nonsocial stimuli images

OT = increased NAcc activity in response to social stimuli (salience of social signals)

social anxiety

GSAD given speech task (hierarchy) for 4 wks

hyperactive amygdala with fearful faces eliminated by prior treatment with oxytocin

nucleus accumbens

more strongly activated when men treated with OT view pics of partner

autism: OT treatment increases activity to socially-relevant stimuli and decreases activity to non-socially relevant stimuli

amygdala

oxytocin treatment decreases amygdala activation to fearful faces in individuals with social anxiety