started with homo habilis, 2.4million years ago, caused by eating bone marrow
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homo erectus
1\.8million years ago, the brain was 3/4 ours today,
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200,000 years ago
when our brain state developed
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bipedalism
walking upright on 2feet
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australopithecus
who bipedalism began with 6mya
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ethnocentrism
ones culture is superior to others
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cultural relativism
comparing different culture to our own, proves that everything is relative, diversity is outcome of diverse environments
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jane goodall
first to observe chimps using tools, lived with them for 50 years, primatologist
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dian fossey
study gorilla behaviour, primatologist
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leakey
discovered fossil remains of homo habilis and Australopithecus, stone artifacts from stone age, contributed to understanding of primate evolution, paleanthropologist
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charles darwin
formed evolution theory when studying galapagos finches, paleanthropologist
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franz boas
established cultural relativism, cultural anthropologist
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theory of evolution
darwin, species change overtime, new species come from old species, common ancestor, genetic difference, finches
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theory of natural selection
darwin, genetic traits change, favourable organisms have more offspring, less favourable have less and die off, survival of the fittest
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social darwinism
herbert spencer, people who are better become powerful, based on natural selection theory
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iceberg theory
only 10% of culture seen
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differences between chimps and humans
brain size, bipedal or quadrupedal, swimming y/n, chromosomes 23/24, life span 100/50
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similarities between chimps and humans
hominids, terrestrials, complex emotions, no tails, opposable thumbs
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pepper moths
changed to dark colour to blend in with smog, proves natural selection
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iceman
otzis strange death asks what life was like
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bonobos and savage
apes understand speech and tasks through observation, biology vs cultural exposure
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skull
determines brain size
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foramen magnum
location determines bipedal or quadrupedal, middle vs back of neck
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brow ridge + sagittal crest
determines jaw strength, presence idicates diet of tough matter
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upper dental arch
determines communication, developed for communication leaves arch more round than rectangular for tongue movement
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canine teeth
used to tear flesh, lack makes communication more easy
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chin
allows communication, more forward implies less communication, back means complex communication