Anthro

physical anthropology

study of natural history of human species

cultural anthropology

study of cultural variation

3 physical fields

paleoanthropology, primatology, human variation

paleoanthropology

study of bone and stone remains of ancestors

primatology

study of primates

human variation

study of physical differences in humans today

3 cultural fields

ethnology, linguistic anthropology, archaeology

ethnology

study culture immersively

linguistic anthropology

study of evolution of language

archaeology

study of artifacts and remains of past cultures

brain development

started with homo habilis, 2.4million years ago, caused by eating bone marrow

homo erectus

1\.8million years ago, the brain was 3/4 ours today,

200,000 years ago

when our brain state developed

bipedalism

walking upright on 2feet

australopithecus

who bipedalism began with 6mya

ethnocentrism

ones culture is superior to others

cultural relativism

comparing different culture to our own, proves that everything is relative, diversity is outcome of diverse environments

jane goodall

first to observe chimps using tools, lived with them for 50 years, primatologist

dian fossey

study gorilla behaviour, primatologist

leakey

discovered fossil remains of homo habilis and Australopithecus, stone artifacts from stone age, contributed to understanding of primate evolution, paleanthropologist

charles darwin

formed evolution theory when studying galapagos finches, paleanthropologist

franz boas

established cultural relativism, cultural anthropologist

theory of evolution

darwin, species change overtime, new species come from old species, common ancestor, genetic difference, finches

theory of natural selection

darwin, genetic traits change, favourable organisms have more offspring, less favourable have less and die off, survival of the fittest

social darwinism

herbert spencer, people who are better become powerful, based on natural selection theory

iceberg theory

only 10% of culture seen

differences between chimps and humans

brain size, bipedal or quadrupedal, swimming y/n, chromosomes 23/24, life span 100/50

similarities between chimps and humans

hominids, terrestrials, complex emotions, no tails, opposable thumbs

pepper moths

changed to dark colour to blend in with smog, proves natural selection

iceman

otzis strange death asks what life was like

bonobos and savage

apes understand speech and tasks through observation, biology vs cultural exposure

skull

determines brain size

foramen magnum

location determines bipedal or quadrupedal, middle vs back of neck

brow ridge + sagittal crest

determines jaw strength, presence idicates diet of tough matter

upper dental arch

determines communication, developed for communication leaves arch more round than rectangular for tongue movement

canine teeth

used to tear flesh, lack makes communication more easy

chin

allows communication, more forward implies less communication, back means complex communication

forehead

determines movement, parallel implies bipedalism