The Early Stuarts and the English Revolution (1603-1660)

OCR History A-Level

List 2 inherited financial problems James was facing in 1603:

• inflation due to population increasing faster than industry

• Elizabeth left a debt of £400,000

Give an example to prove James extravagance:

At one banquet for the French ambassador, James spent £2200 on food alone.

When was the Book of Bounty issued and what was it meant to do?

1608 - issued by Robert Cecil and was meant to restrict James’ extravanagance by prohibiting the Crown from giving awar major items such as land, customs or impositions (but it failed)

What was the new, more efficient, way of collecting customs revenue?

The Great Contract proposed the abolition of wardship, purveyance and the feudal tenures

What year was the Great Contract discussed?

1610

How much was offered by parliament and demanded by James in the Great Contract?

Annual grant of £200,000 and a one-off payment of £600,000

Give 2 reasons the Great Contract failed?

• the Commons didn’t trust James to spend the money practically

• there was uncertainty of where the money would be raised and whether Parliament could be exploited

What was the name of the 1606 court case against a merchant who refused to pay impositions?

The Bate’s case

Which project attempted to improve exports in the cloth industry?

Cockayne’s scheme (wanted to break the mononpoly held by the Merchant Adventurers)

How much in subsidies had Parliament granted Elizabeth in 1601, which were still being collected in 1604?

£400,000 was given to James after the Gunpowder Plot in 1605.

How did James raise funds without Parliament from 1611-1621 (list 5 ways)?

1. Selling Crown land

2. Tonnage and poundage (tax on imports and exports)

3. Impositions (customs duties on specific goods)

4. Wardship (management of a state due to the owner being underage)

5. Purveyance (court could but provisions at low, fixed prices)

Give 2 ways that Cranfield attempted to help Crown expenditure:

1. Demanded all pensions and grants be approved by him (not just James)

2. Opposed Spanish war due to funding

   Increased royal income by £80,000

What were James 3 foreign policy aims?

1. End war with Spain

2. Be ‘peace-loving king’

3. Have peace in Europe

Which term did James apply to himself, meaning he was the ‘peace-loving king’?

Rex Pacificus

Give 2 examples of how James followed a Protestant foreign policy, whilst avoiding war:

1. Financed 6000 English troops in Netherlands war of independence (1624)

2. Financed 7000 troops for Danish campaign in Germany, £30,000 a month (1625)

Who was the Spanish ambassador sent to England to persuade James to ally with Spain in the Spanish Match?

Count Gondomar

How much was offered to James as a dowry for the Spanish marriage?

£600,000

Give the name of the most powerful Catholic royal family in Europe:

Habsburg

Which throne was Frederick of the Palatinate offered, which started conflict during the Thirty Years War?

Bohemian

Give the name and date of the battle in which Frederick and Elizabeth were defeated?

Battle of White Mountain (Nov 1620)

How did the English people see Frederick of the Palatinate?

James himself thought it was foolish of him to accept the crown, so many agreed.

Why was it unusual for James to allow Parliament to discuss foreign policy in 1621?

It was typically out of their jurisdiction, but due to the Thirty Years War and issues with the Spanish match, he needed more help.

What action did Parliament want to take during the Palatinate Crisis?

They asked for taxation to fund an alliance with the Dutch and have a naval war against the Spanish (who funded many of the troops in the Palatinate).

What 2 actions did James want to take during the Palatinate Crisis?

1. Use Parliament to push Spain into concessions and stop funding troops

2. Make alliance with Dutch and German princes to take Palatinate (didn’t want to break ties with Spain due to Spanish match)

In which year was Charles and Buckingham’s trip to Madrid?

1623

List 2 terms of the 1624 marriage treaty with France:

1. Henrietta Maria and children could freely practice Catholicism (educated as Catholics until 13)

2. Catholics were to be granted toleration

What was the name of Charles’ bride?

Henrietta Maria

What was the purpose of the Mansfeld expedition?

To cross French territory from the Netherlands - but it failed instantly (1625).

Why did the Mansfield expedition fail?

Disease, and the area had already been pillaged by other soldiers. £60,000 was lost.

How much did the 1624 Parliament vote to fund a sea war with Spain?

£300,000

How many soldiers did James agree to send to fight in the Netherland’s war of independence, and at what cost?

6,000 in 1624, 7,000 in 1625 (£30,000 a month)

List 3 actions that Buckingham took between 1623 and 1624 that had a negative impact for James:

1. Failed trip to Madrid (him and Charles arrested)

2. Wanted war with Spain as revenge

3. Wanted anti-Habsburg alliance (French marriage)

What was James’ religious beliefs?

Fairly lenient (Protestant, but tolerant of many religions such as Arminians and Catholics)

List the 3 main demands of the 1603 Millenary Petition:

1. Not having to wear a surplice

2. Ecclesiastical discipline should only be by the Church

3. Wanted more ‘high church’

What was the name and date of the Conference to discuss the Millenary Petition?

Hampton Court conference (1604)

What was James’ quote at the conference rejecting Presbyterianism?

‘No bishop, no king.’

How did the conference end?

No changes made, but James became more wary of Puritans until the appointment of a Puritan Archbishop of Canterbury in 1610.

What is the name of the Archbishop appointed in 1604 who rejected puritan ministers?

Richard Bancroft

Which Archbishop was appointed in 1610 who was more popular with puritans?

George Abbott

What is the date of the publication of the King James Bible?

1611

What is the date of the publication of the Book of Sports and what did it try to do?

1618 - A list of activities which were pronounced to be lawful on Sundays, including archery and dancing. James I (unlike Laud) had pulled back from insisting that it was read out in churches because Puritans were offended by it.

What are the names and dates of the 3 Catholic plots against James?

• The Bye Plot (1603) - plan to kidnap James and force him to pass Catholic toleration

• The Main Plot (1604) - planned kidnapping and replacement with Arabella Stuart

• The Gunpowder Plot (1605) - planned explosion led by Robert Catesby

What measures were taken against Catholics after the Gunpowder Plot?

Penal laws (had to pay to practice religion).

What was the system of church government in Scotland?

Presbyterianism, weaker links between centre and localities, less taxation and had a General Assembly that dealt with religious problems and debates.

List 3 ways James tried (and failed) to bring Scottish church in line with English church:

• Articles of Perth

• balanced power of nobility

• imposed bishops in 1618

List the 3 main religious groups in Ireland:

• Catholic (majority)

• Calvinist (Church of Ireland)

• Presbyterian (new minority)

What year did Charles come to the throne?

1625

List 3 problems with Charles’ marriage to Henrietta Maria:

• she was Catholic

• difficult start generally

• intended as anti-Habsburg alliance

Why did Charles experience financial difficulties with the 1625 Parliament?

Parliament didn’t trust Charles with funding military campaigns (war with Spain and Dutch) and only two subsidies of £140,000 offered.

What went wrong with the 1625 naval expedition to Cadiz?

Expedition was short of water so only drank alcohol, and sickness killed many - so the expedition was abandoned with Buckingham being mostly blamed.

What is impeachment?

To charge with a crime

List 3 reasons Charles’ relationship with Buckingham caused problems between Charles and Parliament between 1625-1626:

• Parliament’s dislike for Buckingham due to failed tonnage and poundage led to weaker relationship between Charles and Parliament

• failed Spanish expedition lost funding and led to criticism of Charles’ policy

• led to Charles dissolving Parliament due to threats to Buckingham and losing funds

What was the forced loan?

1625 - a forced loan was imposed upon Charles richer subjects worth two subsidies.

1626 - much opposition, but Charles was able to gain £260,000 by the end of 1627, removing the threat of immediate bankruptcy, but lost Charles’ popularity.

What was the Five Knights Case?

76 prominent figured, including Wentworth, were imprisoned for refusing to pay the forced loan. 5 knights opposed this with habeas corpus (a prisoner arrested without cause has to be released after 24 hour). Charles then gave the reason as ‘special command of our lord the king.’ This made Charles lose even more reputation. In 1627, Charles raised a loan from London worth £350,000 but after all loans were refused and led to Parliament being recalled.

Why did Parliament demand the Petition of Right in 1628?

MPs wanted to safeguard their liberties after the forced loan and called for an end to non-parliamentary taxation, imprisonment without cause, billeting and martial law. Charles begrudingly approved it, but not initially through traditional assent and led to lack of trust.

What happened to Buckingham in 1628?

Assassinated in August and led to Buckingham no longer being able to be blamed for poor royal policies.

How did the growth of Arminianism further erode the relationship between Charles and Parliament during Charles’ early reign?

Buckingham strongly favoured Arminianism who believed in free will, emphasis on decorated churches and many saw as being too high church/Catholic-like compared to mainstream Calvinism which had unadorned churches and accepted a wide variety of practices as long as they did not oppose the prayer book.

What was Personal Rule?

1629-40: period without Parliament where Charles had to find own funding

What was the role of the privy council during Charles’ Personal Rule?

Advisors to Charles whilst Parliament was dissolved.

What were the roles of Justices of the Peace?

Law enforcement

What was the 1631 Book of Orders?

Gave Charles more power over the general public - limiting the Privy Council’s impact.

How did Wentworth implement his policy of thorough?

Policy he and Laud created which was a determination to see that reforms were properly administered. He was mainly successful in Ireland.

How did Charles violate the principle of no taxation without consent in the 1630s?

Most of Charles’ methods of gaining money were known as ‘fiscal feudalism’ and (whilst legal) were not traditional and many opposed them due the majority being loopholes in the law.

Give 3 other ways Charles earned money during Personal Rule:

1. Forest law (fined those living in the areas of woodland that had previously been Henry II’s, 450 years earlier).

2. Wardships (legal responsibility of state heirs and their inheritance)

3. Monopolies and grants (monopolies owned by companis belonging to the king i.e ‘popish soap’ generated £29,000 a year by 1636)

To what extent was Ship Money effective?

• Raised £190,000 in first year with only 2.5% not paying in the first 3 years

• Most successful source of income until 1637

• Extremely unpopular but didn’t end until 1640 with Parliament being reassembled

What was the Distraint of Knighthood?

Required men who earned more than £40 a year to be knighted, and those that refused to show support for the king were taxed. By 1640, £170,000 had been raised (equivalent to 3 parliamentary subsidies).

Who was William Laud?

Influential Arminian who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633. He imposed sweeping reforms on the Church called Laudinism but was eventually executed in 1645 due to strong opposition.

What were some of the Laudian reforms?

• alter table in east and railed off to create more sacrificial sense than communal

• stricer prayer books

• decorated high church (blurred social distinctions)

How did Laud create uniformity in the Anglican Church and why did this cause problems in England?

Many liked the Book of Sports and new rituals, but many (especially the gentry) felt they were being opposed by the reforms which were comparable to Catholicism and blurred the lines of social classes and encouraged popery.

What happened to Prynne, Burton and Bastwick?

They were tortured in the Star Chamber for publically attacking the Laudian reforms and all had their ears removed, heavily fined and sentenced to life imprisonment.

What were Wentworth’s actions in Ireland?

• ended the deficit and Ireland began to contribute to the English Treasury

• claimed royal title to huge amounts of land by extending power of prerogative courts

• large fines imposed on those who opposed his measures

• customs administration made more efficient and smuggling attacked

In what ways was Charles’ Personal Rule a success?

Unpopular, but did make economic gain and successful religious reforms (especially Wentworth’s reforms in Ireland)

What happened when Charles tried to give bishops more power and introduce a new prayer book to Scotland in 1637?

A riot occurred when it was first read, and Charles ignored warnings from ministers. Instead, he made it treason in 1638 to protest against the book. The Scottish Covenant was signed by hundreds of thousands of Scots in opposition, and started the Bishops War.

How did Charles react to the Bishops War?

Wanted to fight the Scots

How did Charles reaction to the Bishops War lead to the Short Parliament?

He needed funds for this war

Why did the Short Parliament in 1640 fail?

Charles had unrealistic expectations of how fast they could generate income, so dissolved the Parliament after 3 weeks before they could discuss the idea to replace ship money with 12 subsidies.

What were the ideas of John Pym?

Staunch Puritan was became part of the Junto and was one of the 5 Parliament members Charles tried to arrest in 1642. He advocated or alliance with the Scots and established a new, effective form of taxation for the parliamentarians.

Who did Charles arrest after the dissolving of the Short Parliament?

Pym, Hampden, Haselrig, Holles and Strode for treason. This led to Parliament losing trust in the king and beginning a decline towards civil war.

When was the Long Parliament called?

November 1640, ending Personal Rule due to the Second Bishops War where northern England was occupied and Charles was having to pay £850 a day to the Scots.

What was the Junto and what did it wish to achieve?

A group of Parliamentarians in the Long Parliament who favoured Protestant foreign policy, Puritan religious reforms (but bishops remained) and wished to be the kings advisors.

How did Parliament deal with Strafford?

Strafford (Wentworth) was executed in 1641 for ‘constructive treason,’ as stated by Pym and the Junto. Charles was not allowed to attend and was expected to sign the Act of Attainder to condemn Strafford. He did, due to pressure from the Junto, and regretted it all his life.

How did Parliament go about attacking religion in 1641?

Whilst the Strafford case was ongoing, the prerogative government was being dismantled and the Scots allying with Parliament as bishops were removed - an unpopular decision in England.

Why is the Triennial Act important?

It was the first move to dismantle the prerogative government by stipulating that Parliament should be called every 3 years. Charles disproved, but was forved to sign it in 1641 due to financial pressure. It was very similar to the Petition of Right. It also meant Parliament could only be dissolved with its own consent.

How did rebellion in Ireland cause more problems for Charles?

November 1641 - Strafford’s return and execution had led to a breakdown of alliance and Charles went back on his promise to end plantations of Protestants. The Catholics rebelled, aiming for parliamentary independence, security of title to lands and freedom of worship. Instead, rumours spread of mass violence where 20,000 were killed (only 5,000 realistically). Led to belief Charles was responsible for ‘popish plot’ and debate on whether he should control army.

What were the ideas of the Grand Remonstrance and how did it create divisions between royalists and parliamentarians?

November 1641 - listed grievances of the king and called for reform, leading to division between supporters of the king and supporters of this reform which aimed to rectify the abuses of the 1630s

Why did Charles make a mistake with the attempted arrest of the Five Members in Jan 1642?

Led to lack of trust from Parliament and began movement towards civil war.

What was the Militia Ordinance?

Gave Parliament control of the army in 1642.

Why were the 19 Propositions the ‘final crisis’?

Made Parliament the sovereign power and controlled the king’s advisers, the army, the Church, foreign policy, the House of Lords and even the education and marriages of the king.

Why did the Royalists and Parliamentarians find it difficult to raise an army?

Both initially relied on volunteers but found difficulty with this. The Parliamentarians resorted to the Militia Ordinance to employ citizens, while the king resurrected the Commissions of Array which entitled the monarch to cal up civilians to join local militias during crisis. The New Model Army were loyal followes of Cromwell.

How did Charles have opportunities to end the war in 1643 and why were these opportunities lost?

After the first Battle of Edgehill in October 1642, Charles had the opportunity to surrender after fleeing to Oxford.

What were the benefits to controlling London during the war?

Easy access to supplies and central hub, along with large population to recruit from.

How did both sides raise money for the war?

Parliament’s control of London allowed for access to banks, along with taxing systems and aristocratic supporters, and fines Charles had left behind. They also used assessment which was a county tax. Charles instead resorted to sequestration (confiscation of goods and property) and the contribution which was very similar to assessment and was a tax dependent on property ownership.

How did the Solemn League and Covenant help the Parliamentarians?

1643 - Scottish Covenanters agreed to ally with Parliament in return for Prebyterianism becoming state religion.

Why did the Parliamentarians win the Battle of Marston Moor, 1644?

They outnumbered the royalists 27000:18000 and Cromwell was a highly strategic leader.

What was the New Model Army and how did it come about?

A highly trained, disciplined and religiously-motivated group. They were also paid more, which some argue was another motivation. Their first battle was at Naseby in 1645.

Why did the Royalists lose the Battle of Naseby in 1645?

The New Model Army was finally used and the royalists were massively outnumbered 2:1. A baggage train was also taken by the Parliamentarians which contained evidence of Charles attempting to bring in foreign forces, and led to the end of the first civil war.

What was neutralism and what did actions those who agreed with neutralism take to try and end the war?

Not taking a side (which was most of the general population). Had little impact but group of Clubmen who wanted to protect the peace could be considered a third army in the civil war as they were still radical enough to be a threat to the New Model Army and royalists.

Why did neutralism have little impact in bringing the war to an end?

It’s main focus was to not allow the war to impact everyday life, rather than trying to end the war. Cromwell still took the Clubmen seriously and arrested the ringleaders of a group of 10,000 that had taken Parliament troops prisoner. He threatened to hang any that did this again.

List 10 Parliamentarian strengths:

1. Geographical concentration

2. Outnumbered the Royalists

3. Controlled London

4. Controlled major ports in Hull and London

5. Controlled navy

6. Army remained loyal to Parliament and were more disciplined

7. Successful money-raising

8. New Model Army extremely effective (made in 1645)

9. Cromwell genius and inspiring military commander

10. Effective recruitment methods

List 10 Royalist weaknesses:

1. Too widespread geographically to be concentrate force

2. Little active military support

3. Outnumbered

4. Lost London (strategic and economic handicap) and Oxford did not compensate

5. Lost ports so supplies were difficult to access

6. Scottish army a constant distraction

7. Unable to raise money as efficiently as Parliament

8. Attempts to bring foreign forces in by Charles undermined patriotic element

9. Rupert impulsive and strained relations with other commanders

10. Decisive defeat at Marston Moor and Naseby