ANSC 107 Exam 1

Equine gestation period

340

Free choice eating

Ad Libitum

Purpose of ad libitum feeding

Reducing stress and competition, keeping stomach well regulated by reducing over eating.

Eruptate

Burping

Acidosis

Rumen pH goes acidic

What does acidosis cause?

Liver abcesses

How much money is lost from acidosis?

$60/head

Bunk Readers

Employees or technology that reads bunk levels at feedlots to reduce waste.

Compensatory Growth

Increased growth after malnutrition, rapid growth weight (normal growth + what wasn’t gained during malnutrition).

Calorie

Energy to raise one gram by one degree Celsius

What factors do calculation technology take into consideration when adjusting grazing ranges?

Body condition, size, activity, sex, stage, stress

Opposite of concentrate

Roughage

Roughage

Forage not grain

What feed stuffs are considered roughage?

Cottonseed meal, silage, alfalfa, hay, grass

Roughage is highly digestible (T or F)

False

Young roughage is more digestible than old roughage (T or F)

True

Lignin

The polymer that gives rigidity to plants

Lignin is digestible (T or F)

False

What do animals fed on old grass silage need more of?

Protein

Protein is needed to make what?

Acetoacetate

Use of acetoacetate

Makes fat yellow, carcass & milk fat

What molecule do pigs need more of?

Lysine

Why do pigs need more lysine than other animals?

They no longer forage in the dirt

What is the limiting amino acid in swine?

Lysine

Shrink

Weight lost from lack of fill in digestive tract.

How long does it take for something to pass through a ruminant digestive tract?

96-100 hours

Dark cutter cause

Stress burning all of the glycogen in the muscle

Dark cutter solution

reduce stress at all stages of production

How do you reduce stress in a cattle operation?

Select docile dams, load for slaughter and transport at night.

Contemporary group

Similar age, breed, production stage - determines how we select animals for production

Breed

Animals with common traits selected for a specific environment

What industries select for white animals?

Swine and poultry

What breed is easily waterlogged and must be kept in dry environments?

Rambouillet

What can happen when a sheep gets waterlogged wool?

Roll over, stomach gets compressed, they die

What sheep breed has high draining wool?

Hampshire

Hybrid vigor

Cross breeds out performing purebred parents

What method of ID is temporary?

Tagging

In what way has branding changed recently?

It’s moved lower onto the leg to preserve the hide

What records should be kept for all animals?

Birth date, sire, dam, birth weight, wean weight, yearling weight

What records are typically recorded on the tag?

Birth date, dam, sire

What recorded trait has no maternal influence?

Yearling weight

Fertility

ability to initiate, sustain, and support reproduction

Fertility is ovulation rate (T or F)

False

Fertility definition

Rate of offspring that make it to the rack

Flushing

Raising energy input two weeks before breeding

Importance of ultrasound and sonogram

Sheep - made possible to detect pregnancy, cattle - visualize ribeye and marbling

What traits are the most important to feed the world?

Efficiency and ovulation rate

Open

Non pregnant, lowest energy requirements

Ejaculate extender

allows one ejaculate to be used for 80 cows

Which animal has the highest volume ejaculate

Boars

Why do boars have the highest volume ejaculate

sows have 4 ft uteruses

Which animals do we use cloning for?

Genetically superior ones we want to use the genetics of - castrated

It’s legal to consume clones (T or F)

False

Animals mating triggers ovulation (T or F)

True

What triggers estrus?

Follicle stimulation

Teaser Buck

Castrated male injected with testosterone to make them behave like a buck and bait ewes/does to find out if they’re in estrus.

What do we use to synchronize estrus?

CIDR

What hormone causes labor?

Cortisol

Bigger babies get born earlier (T or F)

True

During what time period do sheep and goats do most of their growing?

The last 50 days in utero

What percentage of growth happens in the last 50 days in sheep and goats?

75%

What factor affects the anestrous period in sheep and goats?

Daylight

Why do we castrate animals?

Slows growth, improves flavor & tenderness, improves attitude, no unwanted pregnancy

What species other than dogs and cats was once spayed?

Cattle

During what time do females have the highest energy demands?

Lactation

What occurs in gap junctions?

Antibody absorption, bacteria can get in the longer theyre open

Weaning

Removal from maternal influence

Post weaning care

feed and vaccinate

Free martin

Heifer calf receives blood flow from bull calf in the womb and it shuts down her reproductive system

Why are horses castrated later than other species?

You have to wait for their testicles to descend

Post birth care for pigs

castrate, notch ears, clip needle teeth, iron injection, dock tail

Boar taint

Reason we don’t consume boar meat - stinks when you cook it

Caproic acid

Makes billy goats stink

Why do we import most of our lamb?

US lambs vary a lot in age before harvest, uniform in other countries

How do we determine the age of lambs

The break joint and spool joint

Sire breed traits

heavy muscle, stout, large frame

Maternal breed traits

early sexual maturity, fertile, moderate to heavy milking, small to medium size

What issue did maternal breeds run into from breeding to mature earlies?

Tough meat

What species has been so heavily cross bred it’s achieved uniformity?

swine

Mohair sale price

$8/lb

What trait have Angus inherited alongside marbling?

Dwarfism

What trait does the Pietrain have other than leanness?

Porcine Stress Syndrome

Which sheep are parasite tolerant?

Hair Sheep

Line breeding

Breeding offspring back to parent

Linebreeding increases liklihood of gene expression in the male (T or F)

True

Marbling, early maturing, excellent maternal breed, good milk production, largest number of annual registrations, basis of lots of cross breeds

Angus

Moderate size, environmentally adaptable, good disposition, poorest marbling of British breeds, prone to cancer eye

Hereford

Angus country of origin

Scotland

Hereford country of origin

England

Moderate size, good disposition, excellent milking, can be dual purpose (meat and milking), used to be very popular, roan genetics

Shorthorn

Shorthorn country of origin

England

Fast growing, muscular, fast maturing, heavy birth weights, below average maternally, one of few remaining white cows, draft cow

Charolais

1st European cow to come over

Charolais

Charolais country of origin

France

Large frame, late maturing, show steer, low marbling, below average maternally, black coat, aggressive, don’t suit US environment

Chianina

What trait did people unsuccessfully try to breed into Chianina’s?

Height

Originally red or gold, now black, moderate in size, lean and muscular, struggle to grade choice, bad milk, bad maternally, hypertrophy gene

Limousin

What do Europeans breed cattle for?

Pounds of lean protein

Terminal sires

All offspring are sold for slaughter

Heat and insect resistance, crossing ability, poor marbling, slow sexual maturity, thrive in heat and humidity like South Texas, bred to be docile

Brahman