Apush Period 4 Voc

Franklin Institute of Philadelphia

tabFounded in 1824 in Philadelphia to promote science and technology; symbolized American industrial and mechanical innovation.

Machine tools

tabMachines that made standardized metal parts, allowing for mass production and the rise of industry.

Interchangeable parts

tabIdentical components that could be easily replaced or assembled; key to industrial efficiency.

Eli Whitney

tabInventor who popularized interchangeable parts and created the cotton gin, boosting southern slavery.

Singer Manufacturing Co.

tabCompany that mass-produced sewing machines, showing the rise of factory production and national markets.

artisan republicanism

tabIdeology valuing small-scale producers’ independence and equality in the workplace.

unions

tabOrganizations of workers formed to protect wages, hours, and working conditions.

labor theory of value

tabBelief that the value of goods should be determined by the labor required to make them, not market prices.

urbanization

tabGrowth of cities due to industrialization and migration.

gang labor system

tabHarsh plantation system where enslaved people worked in groups under supervision for long hours.

yeoman

tabIndependent small farmers who owned land and valued self-sufficiency.

tenant farmers

tabFarmers who rented land instead of owning it; common in the South and West.

middle class

tabSocial group between laborers and elites; grew with the Market Revolution.

John Marshall

tabChief Justice (1801–1835) who strengthened federal power and supported business interests.

Marbury v. Madison

tab1803 case establishing judicial review, allowing courts to strike down unconstitutional laws.

McCulloch v. Maryland

tab1819 case affirming federal authority over the states and the constitutionality of the national bank.

Gibbons v. Ogden

tab1824 case that expanded federal power over interstate commerce.

Fletcher v. Peck

tab1810 case protecting property rights by limiting states’ ability to invalidate contracts.

Panic of 1819

tabFirst major U.S. economic crisis; caused bank failures and distrust in the national bank.

Commonwealth System

tabState support for private business projects that improved the general welfare.

National Road

tabFirst federally funded highway; linked East and West, boosting trade and migration.

Erie Canal

tabCompleted in 1825; connected Great Lakes to the Atlantic, spurring trade and settlement.

Market Revolution

tabPeriod of economic change marked by new transportation, communication, and industry.

Telegraph

tabInvention by Samuel Morse that revolutionized communication across distances.

Steamboat

tabBoat powered by steam engine; made river travel faster and cheaper.

Mechanical reaper

tabMachine that harvested grain efficiently, boosting western agriculture.

Postal service

tabExpanded government communication and helped unify the growing nation.

American System / Henry Clay

tabEconomic plan for national growth through tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

self-made man

tabCultural ideal celebrating success through hard work rather than birth or wealth.

cult of domesticity

tabBelief that women should focus on home, family, and moral influence.

Steam power

tabEnergy source driving the Industrial Revolution and factory machinery.

Factory system

tabMethod of production combining machines and workers under one roof.

Industrial Revolution

tabTransition to machine-based manufacturing and new technology in the 18th–19th centuries.

Cotton & Wool tariffs

tabProtective taxes that supported northern industry but angered the South.

Waltham-Lowell System

tabFactory model using young women in textile mills with strict rules and housing.

Lowell girls

tabYoung women who worked in New England textile mills, representing early industrial labor.

Black Belt

tabRegion of fertile land across the Deep South ideal for cotton and heavily reliant on slavery.

Gradual emancipation

tabPolicy to slowly free enslaved people over time; used in some northern states.

Manumission Act & repeal

tabLaw allowing slaveholders to free enslaved people; later repealed as southern attitudes hardened.

Inland system / Second Middle Passage

tabSlave trade within the U.S. moving enslaved people to the Deep South.

Chattel principle

tabView that enslaved people were property with monetary value.

Apologists

tabSouthern defenders of slavery who argued it was beneficial or necessary.

“positive good”

tabArgument that slavery was good for both masters and enslaved people, used by southern leaders.

Alexander Stephens

tabVice President of the Confederacy; defender of slavery as a “cornerstone” of the South.

Paternalism

tabBelief that slaveholders cared for enslaved people like “children,” used to justify slavery.

Thomas Jefferson

tab3rd U.S. President; expanded U.S. territory with the Louisiana Purchase.

Revolution of 1800

tabPeaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans after Jefferson’s election.

Electoral College

tabSystem for electing the president through state-appointed electors.

House of Representatives

tabChamber of Congress that decides presidential elections if no majority in Electoral College.

Virginia Dynasty

tabSeries of early presidents from Virginia (Jefferson, Madison, Monroe).

Barbary War

tabConflict with North African pirates during Jefferson’s presidency over U.S. shipping.

Louisiana Purchase

tab1803 land deal doubling U.S. territory, bought from France.

Lewis & Clark

tabExplorers sent by Jefferson to map and study the Louisiana Territory.

Sacagawea

tabNative American woman who guided Lewis and Clark on their expedition.

Sioux

tabPowerful Plains tribe that traded and sometimes fought with U.S. explorers and settlers.

Embargo of 1807

tabLaw stopping U.S. trade with Europe to stay neutral; hurt American economy.

War Hawks / Henry Clay / John C. Calhoun

tabYoung congressmen who pushed for war with Britain in 1812 to defend national honor.

Battle of Tippecanoe

tab1811 fight between U.S. forces and Native confederation; weakened Native resistance.

War of 1812

tabWar with Britain over trade and impressment; boosted U.S. nationalism.

Daniel Webster

tabNorthern congressman who defended federal power and industry.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

tabAndrew Jackson defeated the Creek Nation, expanding southern territory.

Treaty of Ghent

tabEnded the War of 1812; restored prewar borders without resolving main issues.

Andrew Jackson

tab7th president; championed the “common man,” opposed the bank, and enforced Indian removal.

Battle of New Orleans

tab1815 victory led by Jackson that made him a national hero.

Notables

tabWealthy elites who dominated early U.S. politics.

New state constitutions

tabExpanded voting rights to more white men, reducing elite control.

Political machines

tabParty organizations that gained votes through patronage and influence.

Martin van Buren

tabDemocratic politician who built party organization and later became president.

Spoils system

tabPractice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs.

Demographic transition

tabShift from high birth rates to lower ones as society industrialized.

Republican motherhood

tabIdea that women should raise children to be virtuous citizens.

Public schools

tabEducation movement promoting civic virtue and literacy for all children.

“peculiar institution”

tabEuphemism for slavery used in the antebellum South.

Henry Sipkins

tabFree Black activist who fought for equal rights and education in New York.

American Colonization Society

tabGroup that promoted relocating freed African Americans to Africa (Liberia).

Missouri Compromise

tab1820 law admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine free, balancing Congress.

American System / Internal improvements

tabPlan for national economic growth through infrastructure and tariffs.

Corrupt bargain

tabClaim that Adams and Clay made a deal in the 1824 election to secure the presidency.

Tariff of Abominations

tab1828 tariff favoring northern industries and angering the South.

Election of 1828

tabCampaign between Adams and Jackson; marked rise of mass democracy.

John Quincy Adams

tab6th president; promoted national development but faced opposition from Jacksonians.

Adams-Onís Treaty

tab1819 agreement where Spain gave Florida to the U.S.

Monroe Doctrine

tab1823 policy opposing European colonization in the Americas.

Era of Good Feelings

tabPeriod of one-party politics and national unity after the War of 1812.

Roger B. Taney

tabSupreme Court Chief Justice after Marshall; favored states’ rights over federal power.

patronage

tabPractice of giving government jobs to loyal supporters.

South Carolina

tabState that led resistance to tariffs and supported nullification.

nullification

tabTheory that states could void federal laws they viewed as unconstitutional.

states’ rights

tabBelief that states have powers the federal government cannot override.

Second Bank of the U.S.

tabNational bank rechartered in 1816; opposed by Jackson as a tool of elites.

bank veto

tabJackson’s 1832 rejection of the bank’s renewal, expanding executive power.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

tabLaw authorizing forced relocation of Native Americans west of the Mississippi.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

tab1831 Supreme Court case denying Cherokee sovereignty.

Worcester v. Georgia

tab1832 case ruling that Georgia laws couldn’t apply to Cherokee lands; ignored by Jackson.