behavior disorders exam 1

pscychological disorder

psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response

phobia

a psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation

abnormal behavior

psychological dysfunction within an indicidual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected

psychopathology

scientific study of psychological disorders

scientist-practitioners

mental health professionals who are expected to apply scientific methods to their work. They must keep current in the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, they must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness and they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their treatment

presenting problem

original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. the actual treated problem may sometimes be a modification derived from the presenting problem

clinical description

details of the combination of behaviors thoughts and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder

prevalence

number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time (compare with incidence)

incidence

number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period (compare with prevalence)

course

pattern of development ad change of a disorder over time

prognosis

predicted future development of a disorder over time

etiology

cause or source of a disorder

supernatural model

agents outside our bodies influence behavior, thinking and emotions,

soul/psyche

the mind

exorcism

religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body

acedia

the sin of sloth

emotion contagion

the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us

mob psychology

if one person identifies cause of problem others will probably assume their own reactions have same source

hippocratic corpus

written by Hippocrates and associates; suggested that psychological disorders might also be caused by brain pathology, or head trauma and could be influenced by genetics

humoral theory of disorders

brain functioning related to four bodily fluids (humors); blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm

melancholer

black bile ( associated with depression)

bloodletting

carefully measured amount of blood removed from from the body to decrease blood humor

somatic symptom disorders

physical symptoms appear to b result of medical problem for which no physical cause can be found

advanced syphillis

sexually transmitted disease caused by bacterial microorganism entering the brain symptoms: believing everyone plotting against you, you are god

psychosis

psychological disorders characterized in part by beliefs that are not based in reality, perceptions not based in reality, or both

general paresis

disease where psychotic patients deteriorated steadily, became paralyzed, then died 5 years after onset, had consistent symptoms and consistent course that resulted in death

rauwolfia serpentine (reserpine

diminished hallucinations and delusions while controlling agitation and aggressiveness

neuroleptics

major tranquilizers; diminished hallucinations and delusions while controlling agitation and aggressiveness

benzodiazepines

minor tranquilizers; reduced anxiety

psychosocial treatment

treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors (such as family experience), as well s psychological influences. these approaches include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods

moral therapy

psychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments

mental hygiene movement

mid-19th-century effort to improve care of mentally disordered by informing the public other mistreatment

psychoanalysis

psychoanalytic assessment and therapy, which emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unocnscious processes and conflicts, pioneered by Sigmund Freud

behaviorism

explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

unconscious

part of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person

catharsis

rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy

psychoanalytic model

complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the rigid of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces

id

in psychoanalysis, the unconscious physical entity present at birth representing basic sexual and aggressive drives

libido

the energy or drive within the id

thanatos

the death instinct lies important source of energy for id

pleasure principles

overriding goal of mqaziximixing pleasure and eliminating any associated tension or conflicts

primary process

type of thinking is emotional, irrational, illogical, filled with fantasies, and preoccupied with sex, agression, selfishness, and envy

ego

in psychoanalysis, the psychical entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives

reality principle

the cognitive operations or thinking styles characterized by logic and reason and are referred to

secondary process

as opposed to the illogical and irrational primary process of the id

superego

in psychoanalysis, the physical entity representing the internalized moral principles of parents and society

conscience

represents the moral principles instilled in us by our parents and our culture

intrapsychic conflicts

in psychoanalysis the struggles among the id, ego, and superego

defense mechanisms

common patterns of behavior, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in response to particular situations. In psychoanlysis, these are thought to be unconscious processes originating in the ego

denial

refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others

displacement

transfers a feeling about or a response to an object that causes discomfort onto, another usually less threatening, object or person

projection

falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object

rationalization

Conceals the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self-serving but incorrect explanations

reaction formation

falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object

repression

blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness

sublimation

direts potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior

psychosexual stages of development

In psychoanalysis, the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal, at that time

fixation

during a specific stage left a particularly strong impression

oedipus complex

all young boys relive this fantasy when genital self-stimulation is accompanied by images of sexual interactions with their mothers

castration anxiety

In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers

electra complex

young girl wanting to replace her mother and possess her father

penis envy

girls desire for penis to be more like her father and brothers

neuroses (neurotic disorders)

old term referring to disorders of the nervous system

ego psychology

derived from psychoanalysis, this theory emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. also known as self-psychology

self-psychology

derived from psychoanalysis, this theory emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts also known as ego psychology`

object relations

modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them

object

in this sense refers to the important people and

introjection

process of relations

collective unconscious

accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by carl Jung

inferiority complex

feelings of inferiority and the striving for superiority

mature age

beginning about 65 years

free association

psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. the patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring

dream analysis

psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream contents are examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts

psychoanalyst

therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an M.D or. a Ph.D degree and receiving additional specialized postdoctoral training

transference

psychoanalytic. concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents

countertransference

therapists project some of their own personal issues and feelings, usually positive, onto the patient

psychodynamic psychotherapy

contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems

humanistic psychology

contribute welfare of other individuals into society as a whoLE

self-actualizing

process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences

hierarchy of needs

described the structure of personality

person- centered therapy

therapy method in which he client rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility

unconditional positive reward

acceptance by the counselor of the client’s feelings and actions without judgement or condemnation

empathy

the sympathetic understanding of the individual’s particular view of the world

cognitive-behavioral model

combines insights from behavioral model, cognitive model, and the social learning model

classical conditioning

fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov. an event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not. after repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response

stimulus generalization

response generalizes to similar stimuli

stimulus generalization

strength of the response to similar objects or people is usually a function of how similar these objects are, response generalizes to similar stimuli

unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned response (UCR) natural or unlearned response ot unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response

response elicited by the conditional stimulus

conditioned stimulus

lany person or object associated with UCS

extinction

learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement, in operant conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed; also the procedure of removing that reinforcement or pairing

introspection

early nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked

systematic desensitization

behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation

behavior therapy

array of therapy methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. it considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change

operant conditioning

type of learning in which behavior changes as a function of what follows the behavior

law of effect

which states that behavior is either strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences of that behavior

reinforcement

in operant conditioning, consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency. p[ositive reinforcement involves the continent delivery of a desired consequence. Negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence. unwanted behaviors may resul from their reinforcement or the failure to reinforce desired behaviors

schedules of reinforcement

pointed out that all of our behavior is governed to some degrees by reinforcement and can be arranged in an endless variety of ways

shaping

in operant condition, the development of a new response by reinforcing succeesively more similar versions of that response. Bothe desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner

multidimensional integrative approach

approach to the study of psychopathology that hods psychological disorders as always being the products of multiple interacting casual factors