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Which of the following terms includes all of the others?
biodiversity
Evolution in a population of island iguanas can be caused by the following agent(s):
All of the above can be agents
When nonrandom mating occurs in a population so that individuals prefer to mate with similar individuals, allele frequencies should
remain the same, but homozygotes will be overrepresented in the population.
The introduction of the Burmese python by pet owners in Florida has resulted in ________.
the threatening of many native species
Small iguanas can sprint faster than large iguanas. If predators, for example cats, that preferentially catch and eat slower iguanas are introduced to the island, iguana body size is likely to ________ (in the absence of other factors); the iguanas would then be under ________ selection
decrease; directional
Which of the following describe all existing bacteria?
tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse
Three-spined stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) show substantial heritable variation in gill-raker length related to differences in their diets. Longer gill rakers appear to function better for capturing open-water prey, while shorter gill rakers function better for capturing shallowwater prey. Which of the following types of selection is most likely to be found in a large lake (open water in the middle and shallow water around the sides) with a high density of these fish?
disruptive selection (favors both the extreme:shorter and longer gills)
Which of the following statements best summarizes evolution by natural selection as it is viewed today?
Evolution by natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of the most-fit phenotypes.
Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation?
stabilizing selection
In all three species of phalarope, a taxon of wading shorebirds, the majority of parental care is provided by the male, not the female. Based on the logic of sexual selection, what would you expect to see in phalaropes?
Females are more brightly colored than males
In a small population of alpine foxes, you observe increased ear length over a 10-year period. Can you conclude that increase in ear length is advantageous in this population?
No
Two frog populations belonging to the same species live in two neighboring lakes and sing slightly different courtship songs. Increased irrigation makes the land between the two lakes wetter, allowing frogs to expand their ranges to the area between the lakes (migration is possible now). Females in both populations prefer loud frogs to quieter frogs but do not distinguish between the two slightly different songs. Assuming that courtship song differences have a genetic basis, predict what will likely happen to the songs of the two frog populations.
The songs will become more similar to each other.
Natural selection ________.
can favor beneficial mutations
Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees.
What keeps the two populations separate?
habitat isolation
The light-colored peppered moth was predominant in England before Industrial Revolution. In mid-nineteenth century, a dark-colored form appeared. The difference is produced by a dominant allele of one gene. The dark and light forms readily interbreed. In 1900, 90% moths around industrial areas were dark (as birds could spot the light moths against the soot-darkened background, and were eating more light moths). The use of cleaner fuels recently has reduced soot in the landscape, and the dark moths have been disappearing. Should the two forms of moths be considered separate species?
No
Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms?
habitat isolation
Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. Pollen grains (which contain sperm nuclei) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes to bring the sperm nuclei to the female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species. These two juniper species are kept separate by ________.
gametic isolation (reproductive barrier where fertilization is prevented because the gametes of different species can’t fuse)
Which of the following are negative biological consequences of climate change?
I. changes in geographic ranges
II. changes in phenology
III. extinctions
I, II, and III
The first lineages on earth were
bryophyte, seedless vascular plant, gymnosperm, angiosperm
Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent?
behavioral isolation
Which process led to the formation of the species pairs of Pacific and Caribbean snapping shrimp divided by the Isthmus of Panama?
allopatric speciation by vicariance
(allopatric speciation is speciation that occurs when population are geographically separated and vicariance is a physical barrier)
Which of the following could be a vicariance event (barrier)?
The level of water in a lake recedes, creating two lakes where there used to be one.
Which of the following does NOT tend to promote speciation?
gene flow (exchange of alleles between populations which tends to homogenize genetic differences)
Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of ________.
Polyploidy (two complete sets of chromosomes)
Which of the following statements explains why animals are less likely than plants to speciate by polyploidy?
Animals self-fertilize less often than plants, so diploid gametes are less likely to fuse
Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 10. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be ________.
22
Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male—male competition is an example of ________.
convergent evolution (unrelated groups that evolve same trait, not share ancestry)
Ichthyosaurs, now extinct, were aquatic reptiles with dorsal fins and tails, similar to those of fish. Their most recent ancestors were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are ________.
adaptations to a common environment and examples of convergent evolution (ichthyosaurs and fish evolved similar body shapes, however their most recent common ancestor don’t have these features that mean their similar traits evolved independently) (convergent evolution: similar functions but do not share ancestor)
How is tropical deforestation (e.g., burning, logging) linked to climate change?
Burning the forests releases carbon dioxide and transpiration by trees is diminished.
Two closely related species of toads (genus Bufo) live in large, clearly separate geographic areas of South-East Europe. A third species similar to them lives in the narrow zone between. This third species is likely to be an example of _____.
hybrid species
How old is the earth?
4.6 billion years
How does the burning of fossil fuels affect global climate change and nutrient cycle?
Carbon moves from a buried reservoir to the atmosphere
A 2004 study in the journal Nature concluded: "Many plant and animal species are unlikely to survive climate change. New analyses suggest that 15–37% of a sample of 1,103 land plants and animals would eventually become extinct as a result of climate changes expected by 2050. For some of these species there will no longer be anywhere suitable to live." What is the best explanation for this conclusion?
Temperatures will change faster than plants can adapt.
Which of the following is most TRUE of sexual reproduction?
Only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females.
Sexual reproduction ________.
can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment
If you had the opportunity to perform an altruistic act to help your genetic relatives, which combination of the following sets of genetic relatives would you be most likely to help? (Base your answer solely on the genetic relationships, not on whether you would invite them to Thanksgiving dinner.)
You would be equally likely to act altruistically to each of the combinations of relatives described in a, b, and c.
The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by ________.
evolution
With regard to understanding the evolution of cooperation, the principal prediction that can be made from the expression Br > C is that ________.
natural selection will favor cooperation among close relatives
The current extinction rate of vertebrates is 100-1000 times the historical background. This is primarily due to
habitat destruction
What combination of characteristics do all animals share?
multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic
Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect?
More heat enters the atmosphere.
In lek polygyny:
groups of males gather at common display site where females select them
Homologous structures, such as bat wing and whale flipper, (homologous structures may look different and serve different functions but they share a similar underlying anatomical structures and they are inherited from a common ancestor)
have the same underlying structure due to inheritance from a common ancestor.
Apple maggot flies and hawthorn maggot flies feed and mate on apple or hawthorns, respectively. Although the two plants may exist in the same orchard, these two types of flies do not interbreed. We know that only one species, the hawthorn fly, existed originally. The moat likely explanation for this is ______.
Disruptive selection leading to speciation
Vacariance
The species does not move, the environment changes around them
Dispersal
The species moves across an existing barrier or to a new habitat)
The following is NOT a good example of sexual dimorphism:
Body size in Drosophila flies (Difference between male and female body size is minor)
How do mass extinction differ from background extinctions?
Mass extinctions cause a larger proportion of organisms to go extinct than background extinctions
Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species C arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would be _____.
28
Sexual reproduction _____.
Can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment
If a sheep and goat are mates, their offspring dies as an embryo. This is an example of _____ reproductive isolation
Postzygotic (reproductive barrier happens after fertilization)
The concept of reciprocal altruism says that the reason any one of us might jump into the water and save a drowning child is that at some future time, we might expect someone to save one of our own children
True (between non-relative based on the idea of mutual benefit over time)
The first lineages on earth were
bryophyte, seedless vascular plant, gymnosperm, angiosperm