Cell Structure and Organisation – Practice Flashcards

30 fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering major structures, functions, and comparisons of plant and animal cells, organelle roles, levels of organisation, and specialised cell adaptations.

The cell surface membrane is __ permeable, allowing control over substance movement in and out of the cell.

partially

The gelatinous material that fills the inside of a cell and houses organelles is called the __.

cytoplasm

Genetic information in the form of DNA is contained within the __ of a cell.

nucleus

A plant cell’s rigid outer layer made of cellulose is the __.

cell wall

The large, central, sap-filled structure found in most plant cells is the __.

vacuole

The green organelle where photosynthesis occurs is the __.

chloroplast

Energy-producing organelles that carry out aerobic respiration are the __.

mitochondria

Protein-synthesising particles that may be free-floating or attached to ER are __.

ribosomes

ER studded with ribosomes and responsible for protein transport is called __.

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

The ER that lacks ribosomes and detoxifies harmful substances is the __.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Stacks of flattened membranes that modify and package substances for secretion form the __.

Golgi body (Golgi apparatus)

Small membrane-bound sacs that pinch off from organelles to move materials are __.

vesicles

Plant cells possess a cell wall whereas animal cells __ a cell wall.

lack (do not have)

Chloroplasts are present in plant cells but __ in typical animal cells.

absent

Compared with plant cells, animal cells usually have __ vacuoles that are small and temporary.

many (numerous)

In multicellular organisms, a group of similar cells working together is called a __.

tissue

Several tissues working together to perform a specific function make up an __.

organ

Organs that cooperate for a common purpose form an __.

organ system

The process by which unspecialised cells become specialised is called __.

cell differentiation

Red blood cells lack a __ so they can carry more haemoglobin and transport more oxygen.

nucleus

The biconcave shape of red blood cells increases their __, enhancing oxygen diffusion.

surface area to volume ratio

Muscle cells contain many __ to provide energy for contraction.

mitochondria

The long, narrow extension of a root hair cell increases its __ for water and mineral uptake.

surface area to volume ratio

A high mineral-salt concentration in root hair cell sap lowers its water potential, causing water to enter by __.

osmosis

The partial permeability of the __ allows it to regulate entry and exit of substances.

cell surface membrane

The double membrane surrounding the nucleus is called the __.

nuclear membrane

During vesicle transport, vesicles from the ER __ with the Golgi body to deliver their contents.

fuse

Secretory vesicles pinch off from the __ before moving to the cell membrane for exocytosis.

Golgi body

The carbohydrate polymer that makes up plant cell walls is __.

cellulose

Aerobic respiration in mitochondria releases __ required for various cellular activities.

energy