Anatomy & Physiology I Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

100 vocabulary flashcards covering Chapters 1 through 4 based on the Anatomy & Physiology I Exam 1 review guide.

Anatomy

Study of body structure.

Histology

Study of tissues.

Cytology

Study of cells.

Gross anatomy

Study of structures visible without a microscope.

Regional anatomy

Study of all structures in one specific body region.

Systemic anatomy

Study of structures of a particular organ system.

Physiology

Study of how the body and its parts function.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment.

Negative feedback

Mechanism that reverses a change and helps maintain homeostasis.

Positive feedback

Mechanism that strengthens a change until a particular event is completed.

Set point

Desired or normal value the body attempts to maintain.

Anterior / Ventral

Directional term meaning toward the front.

Posterior / Dorsal

Directional term meaning toward the back.

Superior / Cranial / Cephalic

Directional term meaning toward the head or above.

Inferior / Caudal

Directional term meaning toward the feet or below.

Lateral

Directional term meaning away from the midline.

Medial

Directional term meaning toward the midline.

Proximal

Directional term meaning closer to the point of attachment.

Distal

Directional term meaning farther from the point of attachment.

Superficial

Directional term meaning toward the body surface.

Deep

Directional term meaning farther inside the body.

Supine

Positional term meaning lying face up.

Prone

Positional term meaning lying face down.

Anatomical position

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, palms forward, and feet flat/forward.

Parietal serous membrane

Serous membrane layer that lines the cavity wall.

Visceral serous membrane

Serous membrane layer that covers the organ.

Matter

Anything with mass that takes up space.

Energy

Capacity to do work.

Potential energy

Stored energy, such as chemical-bond energy.

Kinetic energy

Energy of motion.

Atom

Smallest unit of an element that retains that element's properties.

Atomic number

Number of protons in an atom.

Atomic mass

Approximately equal to protons plus neutrons.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Octet rule

Principle stating that atoms tend toward a stable outer shell of $8$ electrons.

Proton

Subatomic particle located in the nucleus with a positive ($+$) charge.

Neutron

Subatomic particle located in the nucleus with a neutral ($0$) charge.

Electron

Subatomic particle located in the electron cloud with a negative ($-$) charge.

Cation

A positively charged ion.

Anion

A negatively charged ion.

Ionic bond

Chemical bond formed when electrons are transferred.

Covalent bond

Chemical bond formed when electrons are shared.

Hydrogen bond

Weak attraction involving hydrogen; important in water and DNA.

Anabolism

Process that builds larger molecules from smaller ones and usually requires energy.

Catabolism

Process that breaks larger molecules into smaller ones and usually releases energy.

Buffers

Substances that resist large pH changes.

Saturated fatty acids

Fatty acids with no carbon-carbon double bonds, often solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated fatty acids

Fatty acids with one or more double bonds, often liquid at room temperature.

Protein denaturation

Loss or change of protein shape and function caused by factors such as high temperature, extreme pH, or chemicals.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed reactions by lowering activation energy without being consumed.

DNA

Usually double-stranded nucleic acid containing deoxyribose sugar and thymine that stores genetic information.

RNA

Usually single-stranded nucleic acid containing ribose sugar and uracil that helps use genetic information and synthesize proteins.

Plasma membrane

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins that surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves.

Selectively permeable

Property of a membrane that allows some substances through more easily than others.

Integral proteins

Membrane proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.

Peripheral proteins

Membrane proteins attached to the surface of the membrane.

Passive transport

Movement across a membrane requiring no cellular energy, down a concentration gradient.

Active transport

Movement across a membrane requiring energy, moving substances against a concentration gradient or by vesicles.

Diffusion

Movement of substances from high to low concentration without a transport protein.

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of substances from high to low concentration using a membrane protein.

$\text{Na}^+/\text{K}^+$ pump

Primary active transport mechanism using ATP to move $3\,\text{Na}^+$ out and $2\,\text{K}^+$ in.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Aquaporin

Water-channel protein in the plasma membrane.

Hemolysis

Rupture of red blood cells.

Crenation

Shrinking of a cell when water leaves it.

Primary active transport

Active transport process that uses ATP directly.

Secondary active transport

Active transport process that uses energy stored in an ion gradient.

Antiport

Transport mechanism that moves two substances in opposite directions.

Endocytosis

Vesicular transport process that brings material into a cell.

Exocytosis

Vesicular transport process that releases material from a cell.

Phagocytosis

Cell eating; process of taking in large particles.

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking; process of taking in extracellular fluid.

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm.

Nucleus

Organelle containing DNA that controls many cell activities.

Nucleolus

Nuclear structure that produces rRNA and helps assemble ribosomal subunits.

Rough ER

Organelle with ribosomes that makes/processes proteins for secretion, membranes, or certain organelles.

Smooth ER

Organelle involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

Golgi apparatus

Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes to break down cellular materials.

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce most ATP during aerobic respiration.

Peroxisomes

Organelles involved in fatty-acid breakdown and detoxification.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures that make proteins.

Cytoskeleton

Network of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules providing support, organization, and movement.

Transcription

Synthesis of mRNA from DNA, occurring in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Translation

Synthesis of a polypeptide from mRNA, occurring at ribosomes in cytoplasm or rough ER.

Codon

Three-base sequence on mRNA.

Anticodon

Complementary three-base sequence on tRNA.

Semiconservative replication

DNA replication model where each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one new strand.

Helicase

Enzyme that separates DNA strands during replication.

DNA polymerase

Enzyme that adds DNA nucleotides during replication.

Ligase

Enzyme that joins DNA fragments during replication.

Primase

Enzyme that makes RNA primers during DNA replication.

Tissue

Group of similar cells working together for a specific function.

Ectoderm

Outer germ layer forming structures such as nervous tissue and epidermis.

Mesoderm

Middle germ layer forming muscle, bone, connective tissue, blood, etc.

Endoderm

Inner germ layer forming much of the lining of digestive and respiratory systems.

Epithelial tissue

Primary tissue type that covers surfaces, lines organs/cavities, protects, absorbs, and secretes.

Connective tissue

Primary tissue type that supports, connects, protects, and stores.

Muscle tissue

Primary tissue type that produces movement.

Nervous tissue

Primary tissue type responsible for communication, coordination, and control.