Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production

Metabolism

Biochemical reactions for energy and reproduction.

ATP

Energy storage molecule in cells.

Catabolism

Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones.

Anabolism

Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones.

Exergonic

Reactions that release energy.

Endergonic

Reactions that consume energy.

Oxidation

Loss of electrons in a reaction.

Reduction

Gain of electrons in a reaction.

Phosphorylation

Addition of phosphate to a substrate.

Apoenzyme

Inactive enzyme without its cofactor.

Holoenzyme

Active enzyme with its cofactor.

Hydrolases

Enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions.

Isomerases

Enzymes that rearrange molecular atoms.

Ligases

Enzymes that join molecules together.

Lyases

Enzymes that split molecules without water.

Oxidoreductases

Enzymes that transfer electrons or hydrogen.

Transferases

Enzymes that move functional groups between molecules.

Enzyme specificity

Enzymes act on specific substrates.

Competitive inhibitors

Block active site of enzymes.

Allosteric inhibitors

Change enzyme shape to inhibit activity.

Negative feedback

Inhibition of enzyme by its product.

Glycolysis

Splitting glucose into two three-carbon molecules.

Krebs cycle

Produces energy from acetyl-CoA and releases CO2.

Electron transport chain

Produces ATP using electrons from NADH and FADH2.

Aerobic respiration

Uses oxygen as final electron acceptor.

Anaerobic respiration

Uses non-oxygen molecules as final electron acceptor.

Fermentation

Replenishes NAD+ for glycolysis under anaerobic conditions.