population and migration patterns and processes

overpopulation

when the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

census

source of data for population studies systemically acquiring and recording information about a population

youth dependency ratio

number of people who are too young to work

elderly dependency ratio

number of people who are too old to work

infant mortality rates

annual number of infant deaths (children under the age of 1)

sex ratio

number of males per 100 females in a given population

maternal mortality rate

annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births via pregnancy-related causes

migration

permanent move to a new location

refugee

a person forced to migrate to another country due to violence or can't return for fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, or membership in a social group

immigration

migration to a location

emigration

migration from a location

net migration

the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants to and from a region

counterurbanization

net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

population momentum

the tendency for population growth to continue beyond the time that replacement level fertility has been achieved because of a relatively high concentration of people in their childbearing years

interregional migration

permanent move from one region of a country to another

intraregional migration

permanent movement within one region of a country

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

percent by which population grows annually

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

total of live births annually per 1,000 living people in an area

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

number of deaths 1,000 people

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

natalist

wanting to increase CBR

voluntary migration

a movement made by choice

forced migration

a type of movement in which people do not choose to relocate, but do so under threat of violence

internally displaced person

someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

push factors

negative circumstances, events or conditions present in a migrant's home

pull factors

destination's positive conditions and circumstances

distance decay

the further away the location, the less likely a migrant is to travel there

gravity model of migration

the idea that migrants traveling long distances usually settle in urban areas

chain migration

people move to communities where relatives or friends have previously migrated

brain drain

when as mass of highly skilled/highly educated people move out of a country due to lack of economic opportunity

doubling time

number of years needed to double a population (not always accurate)

life expectancy

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live based on social, economic and medical conditions

epidemiology

branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a particular time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected place

epidemiological transition

distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition

pandemic

a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population (ex. AIDs, ebola)

internal migration

migration within a country

international migration

migration between countries

degenerative diseases

decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and increase in chronic disorders associated with aging (ex. cardiovascular illnesses, cancer)

delayed degenerative diseases

cardiovascular/cancerous diseases linger but medicare advances increase

Industrial Revolution

medical technology invented in Europe and North America diffused into developing countries; improved medical practices, eliminated traditional causes of death in developing countries, increased life expectancy

arithmetic density

the total number of objects in an area

physiological density

the number of people per unit area of arable land

agricultural density

the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

ecumune

the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

demography

the scientific study of population characteristics.

circulation

short-term movements that recur regularly

mobility

all types of movements between locations

migration transition

a change in the migration pattern in a society that results in industrialization, population growth and other social/economic changes that also produces the demographic transition

sequent occupancy

the idea that occupation of an area by different groups of people almost always leaves behind visible traces, some of which influence future human uses of the land

demographic transition

a process of change in a society's population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population