Autotroph vs Heterotroph, Reactants and Products of Cellular Respiration, Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle and ETC, Photosynthesis, Mitosis, Meiosis

Autotroph

Organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis

Heterotroph

Organism that consumes other organisms for food

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants convert light energy into sugar and oxygen

Reactants of Cellular Respiration

Glucose and Oxygen

Products of Cellular Respiration

Water, CO2, and ATP

Oxidation

Loss of electrons from an atom or molecule

Reduction

Gain of electrons by an atom or molecule

Glycolysis

Location: Cytoplasm; Inputs: 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 1 Glucose; Outputs: 2 Pyruvate Molecules, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

Citric Acid Cycle

Location: Mitochondria; Inputs: Acetic Acid, ADP+P, 3 NAD+, FAD; Outputs: 2 CO2, ATP, 3 NADH, FADH2

ETC

Location: Inner mitochondrial Membrane; Inputs: NADH, ADP, FADH2, O2; Outputs: Water and Energy

Parts of the Mitochondria

Inner Membrane, Intermembrane, Outer Membrane, Matrix

Chloroplast

Organelle where photosynthesis occurs; contains chlorophyll

Chlorophyll

Light-absorbing pigment inside chloroplasts that converts solar energy into chemical energy

Stomata

Tiny cells on leaves through which CO2 enters and O2 exits

Light Reaction

Inputs: H2O, ADP, NADP+; Outputs: O2, ATP, NADPH; Location: Thylakoid Membrane

Calvin Cycle

Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH; Outputs: Sugar, ADP, NADP+; Location: Stroma

Stomata

Location in leaves where oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange occurs

Photosynthesis and the Ecosystem

Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric O2 levels necessary for all life on earth

Carbon Fixation

Process of converting CO2 to sugar

Greenhouse Effect

Burning fuel puts more CO2 in the atmosphere, trapping heat

Ocean Acidification

Absorption of CO2 by the ocean, leading to increased acidity and harm to marine life

Cell Division

Process by which cells reproduce

Cell Theory

All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Mitosis

Cell division for growth, development, and replacement of dead/damaged cells

Somatic Cells

Non-sex cells (e.g., blood, liver, and skin cells)

Gametes

Sex cells (e.g., eggs and sperm)

Homologous Chromosomes

Matched pairs of chromosomes with the same length and genes

Chromatin

Fibers made up of DNA wrapped in nucleosomes

Chromatid

Part of a chromosome with a centromere attached

Centromere

Structure in a chromosome that holds both chromatids

Cell Cycle

Phases: Interphase (G1, S, G2) and M-Phase (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis)

Cytokinesis

Cell division in animal and plant cells

Proto-oncogene

Gene that helps cells grow and divide

Oncogene

Gene that regulates normal cell division

Cancer Cells

Cells that don't respond to normal cell cycle regulation, leading to excessive division and invasion of other tissues

Meiosis

Cell division essential for sexual reproduction

Homologous Chromosome

Pair of paternal and maternal chromosomes with the same sex and size

Sex Chromosome

Determines the sex of an individual (Male: XY, Female: XX)

Autosomes

Chromosomes 1-22 that are not sex cells

Diploid

Cells with 2 sets of chromosomes (2n)

Haploid

Cells with 1 set of chromosomes (1n)

Crossing Over

Exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes

Independent Assortment

Random combinations of chromosomes during meiosis

Nondisjunction

Failure of chromosome pair to separate during meiosis, leading to abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes

Down Syndrome

Condition caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21