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Commerce Clause
Grants Congress the power to regulate trade and commerce among the states, with foreign nations, and with Native American tribes.
Necessary and Proper Clause
Allows Congress to make laws that are necessary and proper for executing its enumerated powers, justifying the expansion of federal power.
Supremacy Clause
Establishes that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are the supreme law of the land, invalidating conflicting state laws.
Establishment Clause
Prohibits the government from establishing an official religion or favoring one religion over another, supporting the separation of church and state.
Free Exercise Clause
Protects individuals' rights to practice their religion freely without government interference, relevant in conflicts with government policies.
Equal Protection Clause
Requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all people, central to discrimination and civil rights cases.
Due Process Clause
Prohibits the government from depriving individuals of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, applicable to both federal and state governments.
Privileges and Immunities Clause
Prevents states from discriminating against citizens of other states, important in interstate travel and economic activity cases.
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Requires states to recognize the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other states, significant in marriage, divorce, and custody matters.
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