AP GOV Clauses

Commerce Clause

Grants Congress the power to regulate trade and commerce among the states, with foreign nations, and with Native American tribes.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Allows Congress to make laws that are necessary and proper for executing its enumerated powers, justifying the expansion of federal power.

Supremacy Clause

Establishes that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are the supreme law of the land, invalidating conflicting state laws.

Establishment Clause

Prohibits the government from establishing an official religion or favoring one religion over another, supporting the separation of church and state.

Free Exercise Clause

Protects individuals' rights to practice their religion freely without government interference, relevant in conflicts with government policies.

Equal Protection Clause

Requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all people, central to discrimination and civil rights cases.

Due Process Clause

Prohibits the government from depriving individuals of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, applicable to both federal and state governments.

Privileges and Immunities Clause

Prevents states from discriminating against citizens of other states, important in interstate travel and economic activity cases.

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Requires states to recognize the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other states, significant in marriage, divorce, and custody matters.