Untitled Flashcards Set (copy)

What was the Black Death?

A bubonic plague that peaked from 1347–1351, killing up to 50% of Europe's population.

Who was affected by the Black Death?

All classes in Europe.

When did the Black Death peak?

1347–1351.

Where did the Black Death spread?

Throughout Europe via trade routes.

What were the social effects of the Black Death?

Labor shortages empowered peasants and caused social upheaval.

What was the Jacquerie?

A violent peasant revolt in France in 1358.

Who were the participants in the Jacquerie?

French peasants vs. the nobility.

What triggered the Jacquerie?

Taxation and feudal abuses after the Black Death and Hundred Years' War defeats.

What was the significance of the Jacquerie?

Response to exploitation; brutally suppressed.

What was the English Peasants’ Revolt?

A major uprising against poll taxes and feudal oppression in 1381.

Who led the English Peasants’ Revolt?

Wat Tyler and John Ball.

What was the outcome of the English Peasants’ Revolt?

It scared elites but didn’t end serfdom immediately.

What does the Dance of Death symbolize?

Death summoning people from all walks of life, reflecting fatalism and equality.

What was the cultural significance of the Dance of Death?

A cultural response to mass mortality following the Black Death.

Who was Dante Alighieri?

An Italian poet and political thinker, author of The Divine Comedy.

When did Dante Alighieri die?

1321.

What did Dante contribute to literature?

Wrote in vernacular Italian and bridged medieval and Renaissance worldviews.

Who is known as the Father of English literature?

Geoffrey Chaucer.

What is Geoffrey Chaucer best known for?

Author of The Canterbury Tales.

What is the significance of Geoffrey Chaucer's work?

Captured medieval life with irony and realism.

What was the Renaissance?

A cultural revival of classical art, literature, philosophy, and learning.

When did the Renaissance take place?

14th–16th centuries.

Where did the Renaissance begin?

In Italy, spreading across Europe.

Who was Petrarch?

An Italian poet and scholar, known as the Father of Humanism.

What did Petrarch revive?

Classical Latin texts and moral philosophy.

What is Renaissance Humanism?

An intellectual movement focused on human potential and classical learning.

Who were prominent Renaissance humanists?

Scholars such as Petrarch, Erasmus, and More.

What did the Italian Renaissance represent?

An artistic and cultural golden age that transformed European culture.

Who were key figures of the Italian Renaissance?

Artists like Michelangelo, da Vinci, and thinkers like Machiavelli.

What did writers and thinkers of the Renaissance shape?

Modern political theory, secular ethics, and ideals of personal conduct.

Who was Leon Battista Alberti?

A Renaissance architect, artist, and writer known as the “universal man.”},{

How did Alberti influence architecture?

Promoted proportion and harmony in architecture.

What is Machiavelli best known for?

Author of The Prince, advising rulers to be pragmatic.

What did Baldassare Castiglione write?

The Book of the Courtier, defining the ideal Renaissance gentleman.

What is chiaroscuro?

An artistic technique using light and shadow for depth.

Who are notable artists associated with chiaroscuro?

Leonardo da Vinci and Caravaggio.

What is Leonardo da Vinci known for?

Being a polymath and painter of The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.

What was Michelangelo’s significant work?

Sculptor of David and painter of the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

What is Il Duomo known for?

An innovative cathedral with a dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.

Who was Andrea Palladio?

An architect known for classical-style buildings and villas.

What characterized the Northern European Renaissance?

Spread of Renaissance ideas blended with Christian reform.

What did Christian Humanism emphasize?

Moral reform, education, and inner piety within the Church.

What is Erasmus known for?

A scholar and reformer who wrote In Praise of Folly.

What did Erasmus advocate for in De pueris instituendis?

Gentle, morally grounded childhood education.

What was the Printing Revolution?

The spread of movable-type printing starting in the mid-15th century.

Who invented movable-type printing?

Johannes Gutenberg.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)?

Divided the non-European world between Spain and Portugal.

What is the Columbian Exchange?

The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.

What system was used by the Spanish for labor in colonies?

The encomienda system.

What is the significance of the Dutch East India Company?

It was an early multinational corporation leading Dutch global trade.

What was New Amsterdam?

A Dutch colony on Manhattan Island, later taken by the British.

Who was Samuel de Champlain?

The founder of Quebec and a French explorer.

What was the significance of indentured servitude?

Provided early colonial labor before the widespread use of African slavery.