Social Learning Theory

What are the basic assumptions of social learning theory?

Learning through observation and imitation.

Unlike the behaviourist approach, SLT recognises the importance of cognitive processes- mediational processes.

• It also rejects the notion that learning is purely the outcome of a stimulus-response loop.

What do social learning theorists mean by mediational processes in learning?

Mediational processes:
Important cognitive factors that come between stimulus and response.

SLT is defined by four:

1. Attention

2. Retention

3. Motor Reproduction

4. Motivation

• If these factors are implemented, imitation can take place.

• If the observed behaviour is rewarded, imitation is more likely through VICARIOUS REINFORCEMENT.

Who identified the four mediational processes?

Bandura

Briefly outline the role of the four mediational processes in learning?

Bandura identified the four mediational processes as:

1. ATTENTION: To what extent the behaviour was noticed.

2. RETENTION: How well the behaviour was remembered.

3. MOTOR REPRODUCTION: How able the observer is to reproduce the behaviour.

4. MOTIVATION: The will to carry out the behaviour that is observed- usually determined by whether the observed behaviour was rewarded or punished.

What do social learning theorists mean by the term identification, and give an example?

It is a form of learning according to SLT.

• It suggests that humans can learn by observing those who are similar to themselves or role models.

Characteristics that make identification more likely:

• Role model

• High status

• Similar characteristics

• Attractive

• If the learner is a child, then if the observed person is their parent or older sibling

Outline what is meant by vicarious reinforcement?

Behaviour that is seen to have positive consequences, is more likely to be imitated by the observer.

Describe one key study in which social learning theory was investigated?

BANDURA’S BOBO DOLL STUDY 1961:

AIM: To investigate whether a child will be influenced and imitate an adult’s aggressive behaviour to a bobo doll.

METHOD: In a first study, children observed an adult hitting the bobo doll with a hammer and shouting abuse.

There were also non-aggressive adults.

RESULTS: The same children were later observed when playing with various toys including a bobo doll.

• Those who witnessed the aggressive adult, were much more hostile towards the toys than those who hadn't.

METHOD: A second study saw one group of adults praised for their aggression, while a second group was punished, and a third group received no reaction.

RESULTS:

• Those who witnessed the adults being rewarded, imitated the behaviour due to vicarious reinforcement.

The adults act as role models as they are older.

Evaluate the strengths of social learning theory?

STRENGTH: RECOGNITION OF COGNITIVE FACTORS IN LEARNING

Humans and animals both rely on the behaviour of others to make judgements about their own actions, and when these are appropriate.

• Learning would be very dangerous if we only relied on the effects of our own actions to inform us what to do.

The recognition of cognitive factors makes SLT more comprehensive.

STRENGTH: REAL WORLD APPLICATION

SLT can explain cultural differences in behaviour.

• Imitation and reinforcement account for the media transmission of behaviour and trends.

• It explains why children learn from those around them growing up.

• It is also useful for understanding gender roles and a wide range of behaviours.

Thus, it has a high value as it is useful for understanding behaviour.

Evaluate the limitations of social learning theory?

LIMITATION: CONTRIVED LAB STUDIES

There is no adult evidence, it is all based on young children, in a very artificial environment.

• Thus, demand characteristics are likely, particularly as a bobo doll is intended to be punched.

Therefore, research is limited in its insight into learning in everyday life.

LIMITATION: NO REFERENCE TO BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

Bandura said that learning was determined by the environment.

However, recent research suggests that observational learning is the result of mirror neurons- which allow us to empathise and imitate.

• Therefore, casting doubt on the theory.