Biology: Chap. 7/8

Flashcards about photosynthesis, chromosome organization, and cell division.

Light Dependent Reactions

Oxidation of water into oxygen using energy from sunlight.

Light Independent Reactions

Reduction of carbon dioxide into a carbohydrate (glyceraldehyde three phosphate).

Chlorophyll

A light-absorbing pigment found in the thylakoid of the chloroplast.

Photosystems

Chlorophyll pigment organized by a protein scaffold.

Resonance Energy Transfer

The process where chlorophyll units get progressively excited and energy flows to a pair of chlorophyll molecules.

Reaction Center

The pair of chlorophyll molecules in a photosystem where electrons leave, leading to oxidation.

Oxygen Generating Complex

A cluster of proteins in photosystem II that oxidizes water to produce oxygen gas, hydrogen ions, and electrons.

NADP Reductase

A protein that reduces NADP into NADPH using electrons from photosystem I.

Calvin Cycle

The biochemical cycle that uses a preexisting intermediate to reduce carbon dioxide into glyceraldehyde three phosphate.

Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate

A five-carbon carbohydrate that serves as the initial carbon dioxide acceptor in the Calvin cycle.

Rubisco

The enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate in the Calvin cycle.

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the end product of the Calvin Cycle

Eukaryotic Chromosome

The double-stranded DNA and protein scaffold that makes up a chromosome.

Centromere

The middle area of a chromosome.

Telomeres

The ends of a chromosome.

Sister/Homologous Chromosomes

The paired chromosomes that are the same size and have the same genes.

Diploid

Having two instances of every chromosome in a cell.

Autosomal Chromosomes

Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes (chromosome pairs 1-22 in humans).

X Chromosome

A large sex chromosome with many genes.

Y Chromosome

A small sex chromosome with the SRY gene.

SRY Gene

The gene on the Y chromosome that triggers male development.

Turners Syndrome

A condition in which individual has one X chromosome

Klinefelter Syndrome

A condition resulting is individual has two X chomosomes and one Y chromosome

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

A process coordinated in eukaryotes where cells divide for growth, repair, and reproduction.

G1 Phase

The first growth phase; cell grows to adult size.

G0 Phase

A period of the cell cycle in which the cell exits the cycle and doesn't divide.

S Phase

The phase of the cell cycle where DNA is copied (DNA synthesis).

Chromatid

The x-shaped things that are apparent as a result of DNA synthesis.

G2 Phase

Phase where the cell gets ready to divide.

Mitosis

The actual process of cell division is carried out.

Interphase

The state of the cell when it is not undergoing mitosis; includes G1, G0, S, and G2 phases.

Prophase

The the chromosomes condense so that they are visible and where the microtubule generating sites start.

Prometaphase

The spindles grow out, the nucleus starst diminishing, and some spindles attach to the centromere of the chromosome

Metaphase

The chromosomes line up into a neat row in the center of the cell.

Anaphase

Microtubules shrink, pulling the chromosome apart and one of the chromosomes will migrate to either side of the poles

Telophase

The nuclei begin to reform and the cell begins to split (cytokinesis)