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AP Euro Semester 2 Final
AP Euro Semester 2 Final
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Klemens von Metternich
Austrian chancellor who restored the balance of power in Europe
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Count Camillo Cavour
First prime minister of unified Italy, leading Italian reunification
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Otto von Bismarck
Prussian prime minister, unified Germany through realpolitik
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Karl Marx
Revolutionary socialist, authored the 'Communist Manifesto'
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
Italian nationalist and military leader in Italian reunification
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Napoleon III
Emperor of France, expanded France but captured in war
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Queen Victoria
Symbol of British imperial pride and moral standards
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King Leopold II
King of Belgians, exploited the Congo as a personal possession
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Mikhail Gorbachev
Soviet leader who introduced glasnost and perestroika
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Utilitarianism
Philosophy advocating actions for maximizing majority happiness
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Utopian socialism
Envisioned cooperative societies without private property
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Mercantilism
Economic policy with state intervention, colonial expansion
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Skepticism
Philosophical challenge to certainty, promoting critical thinking
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Liberalism
Advocated individual freedoms, democracy, and free markets
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Nationalism
Belief that shared culture should lead to a sovereign state
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Anarchism
Advocated for a stateless society without hierarchical structures
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Conservatism
Embraced tradition, social order, and gradual change
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Neoclassicism
Artistic movement valuing simplicity, symmetry, and rationality
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Romanticism
Emphasized emotion, nature, and individualism in art
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Realism
Artistic movement depicting everyday life accurately
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Positivism
Emphasized empirical evidence and scientific knowledge
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Risorgimento
Italian movement for reunification
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Realpolitik
Pragmatic political approach focusing on power and national interest
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Kulturkampf
Conflict between German state and Catholic Church
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Politique
Prioritized political stability over religious considerations
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Natural selection
Theory that species evolve based on advantageous traits
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Existentialism
Philosophy emphasizing individual freedom and choice
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Zionism
Movement seeking a Jewish homeland in Palestine
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Iberian Peninsula
Region including Spain and Portugal with historical significance
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Balkan Peninsula
Region triggering WWI, striving for independence
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Rhineland
Buffer zone after WWI, remilitarized before WWII
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Poland
Country partitioned and later invaded by Nazi Germany
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Czechoslovakia
Country split into Slovakia and Czech Republic after Prague Spring
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Crimean Peninsula
Region with tensions between Ukraine and Russia
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Congress of Vienna
European powers' effort to establish lasting peace post-Napoleonic Wars
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Concert of Europe
Policies maintaining peace until WWI outbreak
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Industrialization effects
Urbanization, new working class, labor movements
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Decline of Ottoman Empire
Rise of nationalism in the Balkans, leading to WWI tensions
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Old vs. New imperialism
Old focused on America, new on Asia and Africa with nationalist ideologies
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Total war
Unrestricted conflict involving entire populations and resources
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Great Depression impact
Mass unemployment, political instability, rise of extremism
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Truman Doctrine goal
Containment of communism spread
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Allied war crimes trials
Justice for war crimes, held at Nuremberg
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Nazi-Soviet Pact
Non-aggression treaty affecting Poland in WWII
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Berlin Airlift
Humanitarian project supplying West Berlin during blockade
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Cold War hot spots
Tensions in Berlin, Korea, Cuba, Japan, and Vietnam
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Feminist movement goals
Legal equality, reproductive rights, workplace equality
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European integration
Growth in service sectors, urbanization, and education
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New working class in Europe
Emergence of immigrants in the workforce since the 1980s
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