AP Euro Semester 2 Final

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian chancellor who restored the balance of power in Europe

Count Camillo Cavour

First prime minister of unified Italy, leading Italian reunification

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian prime minister, unified Germany through realpolitik

Karl Marx

Revolutionary socialist, authored the 'Communist Manifesto'

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist and military leader in Italian reunification

Napoleon III

Emperor of France, expanded France but captured in war

Queen Victoria

Symbol of British imperial pride and moral standards

King Leopold II

King of Belgians, exploited the Congo as a personal possession

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet leader who introduced glasnost and perestroika

Utilitarianism

Philosophy advocating actions for maximizing majority happiness

Utopian socialism

Envisioned cooperative societies without private property

Mercantilism

Economic policy with state intervention, colonial expansion

Skepticism

Philosophical challenge to certainty, promoting critical thinking

Liberalism

Advocated individual freedoms, democracy, and free markets

Nationalism

Belief that shared culture should lead to a sovereign state

Anarchism

Advocated for a stateless society without hierarchical structures

Conservatism

Embraced tradition, social order, and gradual change

Neoclassicism

Artistic movement valuing simplicity, symmetry, and rationality

Romanticism

Emphasized emotion, nature, and individualism in art

Realism

Artistic movement depicting everyday life accurately

Positivism

Emphasized empirical evidence and scientific knowledge

Risorgimento

Italian movement for reunification

Realpolitik

Pragmatic political approach focusing on power and national interest

Kulturkampf

Conflict between German state and Catholic Church

Politique

Prioritized political stability over religious considerations

Natural selection

Theory that species evolve based on advantageous traits

Existentialism

Philosophy emphasizing individual freedom and choice

Zionism

Movement seeking a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Iberian Peninsula

Region including Spain and Portugal with historical significance

Balkan Peninsula

Region triggering WWI, striving for independence

Rhineland

Buffer zone after WWI, remilitarized before WWII

Poland

Country partitioned and later invaded by Nazi Germany

Czechoslovakia

Country split into Slovakia and Czech Republic after Prague Spring

Crimean Peninsula

Region with tensions between Ukraine and Russia

Congress of Vienna

European powers' effort to establish lasting peace post-Napoleonic Wars

Concert of Europe

Policies maintaining peace until WWI outbreak

Industrialization effects

Urbanization, new working class, labor movements

Decline of Ottoman Empire

Rise of nationalism in the Balkans, leading to WWI tensions

Old vs. New imperialism

Old focused on America, new on Asia and Africa with nationalist ideologies

Total war

Unrestricted conflict involving entire populations and resources

Great Depression impact

Mass unemployment, political instability, rise of extremism

Truman Doctrine goal

Containment of communism spread

Allied war crimes trials

Justice for war crimes, held at Nuremberg

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Non-aggression treaty affecting Poland in WWII

Berlin Airlift

Humanitarian project supplying West Berlin during blockade

Cold War hot spots

Tensions in Berlin, Korea, Cuba, Japan, and Vietnam

Feminist movement goals

Legal equality, reproductive rights, workplace equality

European integration

Growth in service sectors, urbanization, and education

New working class in Europe

Emergence of immigrants in the workforce since the 1980s