History - USA test

Section 1

CR growth - social attitudes

Murder of Emmett Till (August 1955) - change in social attitudes as widespread shock of all to open casket funeral arranged by his mother.

CR growth - media

Little Rock Nine - Elizabeth Eckford arrived to school to mob of people - media present photos went worldwide.

Montgomery Bus Boycott - MLK brought lots of publicity and media attention because of speeches and also non-violent direct action

CR growth - role of government

17 May 1954 - the Supreme Court's landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. —> deliberately vague time frame.

Little Rock 9 - 24 Sept 1957 - presidential order for 1000+ federal troops sent by Eisenhower.

CR growth - role of individuals

Rosa Parks - her arrest was a trigger for Montgomery bus boycott of 1955 (lasted 381 days), cause widespread action.

MLK - leader of MIA (Montgomery improvement association), gained media attention because of speeches, respected clergyman, non-violent direct action, raised money for MIA .

CR growth - organisations

NAACP - Brown v Board: 1952 - took to Supreme Court showing separate was not equal (overturned Plessy v Ferguson) - desegregation of schools.

- leaflet M is for Mississippi and Murder linking case of unjustified murder of black people (Till, Lee and Smith - 1955)

- Browder v Gayle: 1 Feb 1956 - case against bus segregation to Supreme Court - 5 June court announces buses should be desegregated

CORE - worked with NAACP for Little Rock 9 families

MIA - organised carpools and other methods of travel during bus boycott

WPC - Arranged for the one-day boycott (90% of black people boycotted)

CR opp growth - political opposition

Congress - attempts to produce a civil rights act constantly blocked by Southern members of House of Representatives and the Senate.

Dixiecrats - broken away from Democrats in 1948-54, strong views on segregation and the rights of state.

Southern Governors and other state official favoured segregation - no black judges and black juries not allowed

CR opp growth - authority

Congress - attempts to produce a civil rights act constantly blocked by Southern members of House of Representatives and the Senate.

Southern Governors and other state official favoured segregation - no black judges and black juries not allowed

CR opp growth - organisations

White Southern Church Organisation - integration was a sin + KKK (violent supremist groups)

White Citizens Council (WCC) - July 1954, aim of preserving segregation esp. in schools, spread rapidly and extremely violent.

CR opp growth - progress in CRM

Brown v Board - triggered creation of WCC

Dixiecrats - broke from democrats after Truman’s support of civil rights bill